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| America |
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| The United States of America |
Presidents and First Ladies:
Peyton Randolph 1774
Henry Middleton 1774-1775
Peyton Randolph 1775
John Hancock 1775-1777
Charles Thomson 1777
Henry Laurens 1777-1778
John Jay 1778-1779
Samuel Huntington 1779-1781
Thomas McKean 1781
John Hanson 1781-1782
Elias Boudinot 1782-1783
Thomas Mifflin 1783-1784
Daniel Carroll (acting for Mifflin)1783
Richard Henry Lee 1784-1785
John Hancock 1785-1786
David Ramsay (acting for Hancock)1785-1786
Nathaniel Gorham 1786-1787
Arthur St. Clair 1787-1788
Cyrus Griffen 1788-1789
George Washington 1789-1797
__Martha Dandridge Custis Washington 1789-1797
John Adams 1797-1801
__Abigail Smith Adams 1797-1801
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
James Madison 1809-1817
__Dorothea Payne Todd Madison 1809-1817
James Monroe 1817-1825
__Elizabeth Knight Monroe 1817-1825
John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
__Louise Catherine Johnson Adams 1825-1829
Andrew Jackson 1829-1837
Martin van Buren 1837-1841
William Henry Harrison 1841
__Anne Tuthill Symnes Harrison 1841
John Tyler 1841-1845
__Letitia Christian Tyler 1841-1842
__Julia Gardiner Tyler 1844-1845
James Knox Polk 1845-1849
__Sarah Childress Polk 1845-1849
David Rice Atchison 1849
Zachary Taylor 1849-1850
__Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor 1849-1850
Millard Fillmore 1850-1853
__Abigail Powers Fillmore 1850-1853
Franklin Pierce 1853-1857
__Jane Means Appleton Pierce 1853-1857
James Buchanan 1857-1861
Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865
__Mary Todd Lincoln 1861-1865
Andrew Johnson 1865-1869
__Eliza McCardie Johnson 1865-1869
Ulysses Simpson Grant 1869-1877
__Julia Boggs Dent Grant 1869-1877
Rutherford Birchard Hayes 1877-1881
__Lucy Ware Webb Hayes 1877-1881
James Abram Garfield 1881
__Lucretia Rudolph Garfield 1881
Chester Alan Arthur 1881-1885
Stephan Grover Cleveland 1885-1889
__Frances Folsom Cleveland 1886-1889
Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893
__Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison 1889-1892
Stephan Grover Cleveland 1893-1897
__Frances Folsom Cleveland 1893-1897
William McKinley 1897-1901
__Ida Sexton McKinley 1897-1901
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909
__Edith Carow Roosevelt 1901-1909
William Howard Taft 1909-1913
__Helen Herron Taft 1909-1913
Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921
__Ellen Louise Axson Wilson 1913-1914
__Edith Bolling Galt Wilson 1915-1921
Warren G Harding 1921-1923
__Florence Kling De Wolfe Harding 1921-1923
Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
__Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge 1923-1929
Herbert Clark Hoover 1929-1933
__Lou Henry Hoover 1929-1933
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945
__Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt 1933-1945
Harry S Truman 1945-1953
__Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman 1945-1953
Dwight David Eisenhower 1953-1961
__Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower 1953-1961
John Fitzgerald Kennedy 1961-1963
__Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy 1961-1963
Lyndon Baines Johnson 1963-1969
__Claudia Alta Taylor Johnson 1963-1969
Richard Milhous Nixon 1969-1974
__Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon 1969-1974
Gerald Rudolph Ford 1974-1977
__Elizabeth Bloomer Warren Ford 1974-1977
James Earl Carter 1977-1981
__Rosalynn Smith Carter 1977-1981
Ronald Wilson Reagan 1981-1989
__Anne Frances Robbins Davis Reagan 1981-1989
George Herbert Walker Bush 1989-1993
__Barbara Pierce Bush 1989-1993
William Jefferson Clinton 1993-2001
__Hillary Rodham Clinton 1993-2001
George Walker Bush 2001-present
__Laura Welch Bush 2001-present
Note: There is dispute as to whether or not David Rice Atchison was really president. To see an opinion against this go to: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/1058/rulu.html
In 1775, the conflict between American colonists and the British erupted into a war with such early battles as Bunker Hill. Gate's victory over Burgoyne at Saratoga (1777) led to France's participation on the American side. Though the French and Spanish failed to take Gibraltar (1779-83) in Europe, Washington led the Americans and French to victory in North America over the British under Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown (1781).
Growing out of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain tried again to conquer her former colonies while the Americans tried to conquer Canada during the War of 1812. Both failed in these goals, but the Americans won important victories at Lake Erie (1813) and New Orleans (1815).
During the Civil War, America was split into two nations, the North headed by Lincoln and the South by Davis. Hampton Roads (1862) was a draw, but the Confederates were defeated at Vicksburg (1863), Gettysburg (1863), and Petersburg (1864-65). The reunified nation became a major world power after defeating Spain at Manila Bay (1898) and Santiago (1898) during the Spanish-American War.
The United States had attained its largest size from 1898-1942 and 1944-1946 when it possessed the Philippines, but attained its greatest height of power after World War II when it was the only nation possessing nuclear weapons. While the 1950s are sometimes referred to as "The American Decade", the era after World War II is sometimes referred to as the "Pax Americana".
The United States has been a superpower for all of the 20th century but it is not called an empire and it is not headed by an emperor or empress. It is instead declared a democratic republic headed by a president.
   
Presidents of the Confederate States of America:
Howell Cobb 1861
Jefferson Davis 1861-1865
__Varina Howell Davis 1861-1865
Presidents of the Republic of Texas or Lone Star Republic (1836-1846):
David Burnet 1836
Sam Houston 1836-1838
Mirabeau B. Lamar 1838-1841
Sam Houston 1841-1844
Anson Jones 1844-1846
Presidents of the Bear Flag Republic (1846-1848):
William B. Ide 1846-1848
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