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| The United Kingdom |
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| 1801-present |
George III the Father of the People 1801-1820
__Charlotte 1801-1818
George IV 1820-1830
__Caroline 1820-1821
William IV 1830-1837
__Adelaide 1830-1837
Victoria 1837-1901
__Albert 1840-1861
Edward VII 1901-1910
__Alexandra 1901-1910
George V 1910-1936
__Mary 1910-1936
Edward VIII 1936
George VI 1936-1952
__Elizabeth 1936-1952
Elizabeth II 1952-present
__Philip 1952-present |
| The Beginning of the British Empire |
| Duke William of Normandy's victory over Harold at Hastings (1066), led to Norman rule over England and the beginning of difficulties between England and France. The English and their allies were defeated by the French at Bouvines (1214) and by the Scottish under Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn (1314), but dominated France during most of the Hundred Years' War. King Edward III of England defeated the French at Sluys (1340) and Crecy (1346), before the Black Prince defeated King John of France at Poitiers (1356) and Henry V of England defeated the French at Agincourt (1415). Joan of Arc turned the tide against the English at Orleans (1428-29) and soon England was evicted from France. Dynastic war broke out in the 1400s with the Tudors victorious at Bosworth Field (1485) ending the Wars of the Roses, England reached a Golden Age with the impressive reigns of Henry VIII and his daughter Elizabeth I who was queen during the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588 which led to the decline of Spain's colonial empire and the rise of England's. Civil war broke out in the 1600s with Oliver Cromwell victorious at Marston Moor (1644), but in 1660 the monarchy was restored. At Boyne (1690), William of Orange ended any serious chances for a Stuart restoration by defeating James II. During this period, tensions between England and France heated again in a global colonial war referred to as The Second Hundred Years' War in which the English defeated the France of Louis XIV at Blenheim (1704). Also during this period, the Stuarts again attempted to regain the English throne, but were defeated at Culloden Moor (1746). At Arcot (1751) and Plassey (1757), the British won dominance over India and at Quebec (1759), the British won dominance over North America. The British dominance of North America declined greatly during the American Revolution. |
| The Height of the British Empire |
| The Americans won a psychological victory at Bunker Hill (1775) and with their victory at Saratoga (1777), gained an ally in France, although the French and Spanish failed to take Gibraltar from the British from 1779 until 1783. After Yorktown (1781), the british defeat in North America was virtually complete. During the Napoleonic Wars, Britain gained complete mastery of the seas and saved their colonial empire with the victories of the Nile (1798) and Trafalgar (1805). In 1801, the United Kingdom was formed with the union of Great Britain and Ireland. British forces under Wellington managed to successfully invade the Iberian Peninsula and win decisve victories at Torres Vedras (1810-11) and Salamanca (1812). Although the War of 1812 was a draw, the British did suffer some historically important defeats at Lake Erie (1813) and New Orleans (1815). Also, in 1815, the English with their Prussian allies managed to defeat Napoleon once and for all at Waterloo. India mutinied in the late 1850s, but the Indian rebels were defeated at Delhi (1857) and Lucknow (1857). The British Empire reached its peak with Queen Victoria being made Empress of India in 1876, a title which lasted with British monarchs until 1947. With Mafeking (1899-1900) and Ladysmith (1899-1900), Britain gained dominance over South Africa. Britain and her allies defeated Germany in World War I after massive battles like the First Battle of the Marne (1914), First Battle of Ypres (1914), Coronel and Falkland (1914), Jutland (1916), and the Somme (1916). at the peace talks at Versailles, Loyd George, British prime minister, was one of the top four players. In World War II, Britain helped aid the allied victory in defeating the Germans and Italians with the Battle of Britain (1940), Matapan (1941), El Alamein (1942), Tunisia (1943), Salerno (1943), and Normandy (1944). |
| The Commonwealth |
| Prime Minister Winston Churchill led Britain to victory in World War II and was influential in the discussions of rearranging the world after it. World War II brought about the end of the British Empire which remains today as a more loose association known as the Commonwealth in which the queen is still the head of state of some countries like Canada and Australia. As a nuclear power and member of the U.N. security council, the United Kingdom still exists as one of the world's most powerful nations. |
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