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Islam is the great relegion
EARLY ISLAM
Islam is Great Part 2
Islam Is Great Part 3
Islam Is Great Part 4
Islam Is Great Part 5
Islam Is Great Part 6
Surah-e-Fatiha
Quran in English
The Cow
The Cow 2
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| HISTORY OF MUSLIM RELEGION |
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| Bismilahirahmanirakheem |
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| A CHRONOLOGY OF MUSLIM HISTORY |
 "I command you to ten precepts: Slay not a woman nor a child, nor an aged man, cut not down a tree that beareth fruit, and lay not waste a cultivated land, and destroy not a sheep, nor a camel save for food, and lop not a date tree nor burn it, and conceal not plunder and be not fruit of heart." First Caliph Abu Bakar's instructions to Muslim army leaving for the Syrian front, 632 CE. The Ulama were no blind guides, no mere fanaties. The professors of those universities were the most enlightened thinkers of their time. In strict accordance with the Prophet's teaching, it was they who watched over the welfare of the people and pointed out to the Khalifah anything that was being done against the rights of man as guaranteed by the Qur'an. It was they, indeed, who kept down the fanatie element, discouraged persecution for religious opinion, and saved Islamic culture from deterioration in a thousand ways. They even forced ambitions Muslim rulers, in their un-Islamic strife, to refrain from calling on the people to assist them, to fight only with the help of their own purchased slaves and to respect all crops and cattle and non-combatants. They were able, by the enormous weight of their opinion with the multitude, to punish even rulers who transgressed the sacred law, in a way which brought them quickly to repentance; and they exacted compensation for transgression. |
| A CHRONOLOGY OF MUSLIM HISTORY |
| In the whole history of the world till then, the conquered had been absolutely at the mercy of the conqueror, no matter how complete his submission might be, no matter though he might be of the same religion as the conqueror. That is still the theory of war outside Islam. But it is not the Islamic theory. According to the Muslim laws of war, those of the conquered people who embraced Islam became the equals of the conquerors in all respects. And those who chose to keep their old religion had to pay a tribute for the cost their defense, but after that enjoyed full liberty of conscience and were secured and protected in their occupations. The Muslim intermarried freely with the conquered people... a thing non of their conquerors had ever done before. The advent of Islam brought them not only political freedom but also intellectual freedom, since it dispelled the blighting shadow of the priest from human thought...The result was what might be expected from so great a libration of peoples who had never really had a chance before-a wonderful flowering of civilization which in the after generations bore its fruit in works of science, art and litreture. No colour or race prejudice existed in islam. Black, brown, white and yellow people mingled in its marts and mosques and places upon a footing of complete equality and friendliness...It was a civilization in which there were differences of rank and wealth, but these did not correspond to class distinctions as understood in the West, much less to Indian [hindu]caste distinctions...Excepted from picktall's lecture Causes of Rise and Decline. |
| About Islam Religion |
Before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Prophets of Allah and their sincere followers of the original message through the ages, as described in the Qur'an; Jesus ('Easa), Yahya (John), Zachariah (Zakariah), David (Dawood), Solomon (Sulaiman), Job (Ayyub), Moses (Moosa), Aaron (Haroon), Jacob (Yaqoob), Isaac (Ishaq), Ishmael (Ismail), Abraham (Ibrahim), Noah (Nuh), Seth (Sheesh),... Adam (pbut). Abul Fazl in his A'in-e-Akbari [1598] mentions that Prophets Sheesh (Seth) and Ayyub (Job) (peace be upon them) are buried in Ayodhya (formerly in Oudh, present U.P.), India. 570 CE (Common Era) Abraha attempts to invade Makkah and ravage the sacred precincts of Ka'bah; his army is punished by Allah (swt) before reaching the sacred precincts. Surah Al-Feel of the Qur'an recalls this incident. Known as the Year of the Elephant. Birth of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh); Death of Prophet's father Abdullah in Yathrib (Medinah) several weeks before his birth. 576 Death of Prophet's mother on her way back from Yathrib (Medinah) in Abwa. 579 Death of Prophet's grandfather Abdul Muttalib (Shaybah). 586-94 Prophet Muhammad participates in the war of Fijar [586]; joins the league for the relief of the distressed, Hilful Fudul [591], goes on a trade caravan for Lady Khadija [594]. 595 Prophet Muhammad marries Khadija (ra). 605 Prophet Muhammad resolves the dispute of placing the Black Stone in the Ka'bah. The extension of the Haram in Makkah. 610 First revelation from Allah (swt) through Archangel Jibril (Gabriel, pbuh) in the cave of Mt. Hira. Muhammad (pbuh) is declared a Prophet and the Messenger of Allah. Revelations (of the Qur'an) continue over twenty-three years. 613 The Prophet invites general public to Islam. 615 Persecution of Muslims intensifies. A group of Muslims leaves for Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia). [Map 1] 617-19 Economic and social boycott and blockade of the Prophet and his family (Banu Hashim) in a glen outside Makkah. King Chakrawati Farmas of Malabar (south-west India) visits Prophet Muhammad in Makkah and accepts Islam, dies on his way back in Zafar, Yemen. (Arabs traders had established regular contacts with Malabar and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) at least a century before). 619 Deaths of Abu Talib and Khadija (ra) soon after the lifting of the boycott. Known as the Year of Sorrow. 620-21 Dawah to Taif. Isra' and Mi'raj (Night journey to Jerusalem and ascension to the Heavens). First Pledge of Aqaba [621]. 622 Second Pledge of Aqaba. Hijrah. Prophet Muhammad and Muslims of Makkah migrate to Yathrib (Medinah), leaving all property and belongings behind. Muslim Calendar dates from this year beginning with Muharram as the first month of the Islamic calendar year (based on lunar monthly cycles). The construction of the Mosque (known as the Prophet's Mosque) in Madinah; approximate area 11,000 sq. ft., made of bricks and palm logs. Treaty with Jews and Non-Muslims. 624 Change of Qibla. Battle of Badr. Bani Qaynuqa expelled from Medinah. 625 Battle of Uhud. Banu Nadir expelled from Medinah. Second Badr. Seventy companions of the Prophet massacred at Bir Mauna. Hypocrites exposed as mentioned in Surah 63 of the Qur'an, continue to be active throughout the Prophet's mission. 627 Battle of Khandaq (Trench). Banu Quraizah expelled for plotting with the enemy. 628 Treaty of Hudaybiya. Prophet Muhammad's letters to kings, head of states and Governors. Persian Emperor shreds Prophet's letter in disgust. Expedition to Khaybar (north-west Arabia). The extension of the Prophet's mosque in Madinah. 629 Quraish violate the Treaty of Hudaybiah. Khalid b. Walid and Amr b. Al'As accept Islam. 630 Opening or conquest of Makkah without warfare. Battle of Hunain. Death of Ashamah, Negus (King) of Abyssinia, a Muslim; the Prophet leads his funeral prayer in Medinah. 631 Abu Bakr (ra) leads Hajj Pilgrims to Makkah. The Year of Deputations. Khalid b. Walid (ra) sent to Najran, Ali (ra) to Yemen. Expedition to Tabuk. 632 Farewell Pilgrimage. Last Revelation. Death of the Prophet Muhammad. Punitive expedition to Syria. Abu Bakr (ra) elected as the First Caliph. 632 Abu Bakr (ra), the first rightly guided Caliph [632-634]. Usamah (ra) resumes expedition to Syria. Campaigns against Bani Tamim and Musailima, the Liar. Several Battles on the Muslim borders of Arabia, in Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Hadramaut, Basra, Ajnadin, Damascus, and Iraq [632-634]. 634 Death of Abu Bakr (ra). Umar ibn Al-Khattab (ra), the second rightly guided Caliph [634-644]. Treatment of Dhimmis. 635 Muslims control Damascus and Hims. 636 Battle of Yermuk and Qadsiyia. Muslims control Madain. 637 Muslims control Jerusalem and Syria. [Map 2] 638 Shah Yazdgard of Sassanid Persia requests help from Chinese Emperor T'ai Tsung to deal with the rising power of Muslims, Chinese Emperor Tsung refused help. The extensions of the Haram in Makkah and the Prophet's mosque in Madinah in 638 by the second rightly guided Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab (ra). 638-39 Jazirah and Khuzistan under Muslim control. 640-44 Muslims control Shustar and Jande Sabur (Persia) [640], Alexandria [641], Egypt [642], Azerbaijan and Tabaristan [643], and Fars, Kerman, Mekran, Sistan and Kharan [644]. The King of Sindh sends his forces to Mekran against Muslims. Abdullah ibn Amar ibn Rabi defeated combined forces of the kings of Makran and Sindh in Makran. Husain ibn Ali (ra) married Shahrbanu, daughter of Yazdgard, the fallen emperor of Persia. 642 Deputation to King of Malabar (south-west India) by Maalik Bin Dinaar (ra), a companion of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). First Muslim community in India. Muslim traders settle in the coastal towns of Malabar. Muslims control Nihawand. 643 Muslims control Aradabil and Rayy in Persia, and Tripoli in North Africa. 644 Caliph Umar (ra) is martyred. Othman ibn Affan (ra), the third rightly guided Caliph [644-656]. 645-46 Campaigns in Fars, Khurasan, Armenia and Asia Minor. Sirte and Alexandria [646]. 646 The extension of the Haram in Makkah by the third rightly guided Caliph Othman ibn Affan (ra). 647 Campaigns in North Africa, control Qabis. 648-51 Campaigns against the Byzantines, Naval battle [651]. King of Sindh gave refuge to some of the defeated Persian rebel chiefs and refused to surrender to Muslims. 649-50 The extension of the Prophet's mosque in Madinah by the third rightly guided Caliph Othman ibn Affan (ra). 650 Deputation to Emperor of China by Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (ra), a companion of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Approves building of China's first mosque (Memorial mosque) at Ch'ang-an (renamed Xian), which stands to this day. T'ang annals use the word "Ta-Shih" for the Arabs (Muslims). [Muslims in China] 653 Cypress under Muslims control, led by Mu'awiyah (ra) the Governor of Syria. 652-61 Muslims control Aswan [649], Dongola [652] and Balkh [652]. Hypocrite and Kharijite conspiracies. Dissension within Muslim rank; Civil war. 656 Caliph Othman (ra) Martyred. Ali ibn Abu Talib (ra), the fourth rightly guided Caliph [656-661]. 656-58 Dispute over the urgency and administration of justice to the assassins of Caliph Othman (ra) takes serious turn. Battle of the Camel fought among Muslims; 10,000 Muslims dead. Ali (ra) moves the seat of Khilafah to Kufa. Battles of Siffin and Nahrawan. 659 Mu'awiyah takes control of Egypt. 660 Caliph Ali (ra) recaptures Hijaz and Yemen. Mu'awiyah b. Abu Sufyan declares himself Caliph in Damascus. 661 Caliph Ali (ra) Martyred. Hasan ibn Ali (ra), a grandson of the Prophet (pbuh), is chosen as Caliph in Medinah; he later steps down in the interest of Muslim unity. Mu'awiyah then establishes himself as the Caliph [661-680], First Umayyad ruler. Umayyad dynasty [661-750] is named after Umayya who was the grandfather of Abu Sufyan and the great grandfather of Mu'awiyah. 662-66 Khawarij revolts. Invasion of Sicily [666]. 670 Uqba advances west in North Africa and founds the town of Qairowan (Tunisia). Muslims control Kabul (Afghanistan). 672-75 Island of Rhodes captured. Campaigns in Khurasan. Muslims cross the Oxus [674], control Bukhara (Uzbekistan, Central Asia) [675]. 677 Samarkand and Tirmiz (Central Asia) under Muslim control. Constantinople under siege by Caliph Muawiyah; Abu Ayyub Ansari (ra) martyred on the battle field; Siege lifted [679]. Muslim oil age begins. T'ang (Chinese) annals mention "Mo-ee" for Caliph Muawiyah. 680 Caliph Muawiyah Dies. Yazid takes over power [680-683]. Husain (ra), a grandson of the Prophet (pbuh) declared Khalifah in Medinah. Tragedy of Kerbala and martyrdom of Husain (ra) and family members. Twelve-year civil war begins. 683-86 Mu'awiyah II takes over power in Damascus [683-684]. Death of Uqba [683]. Abdullah b. Zubair (ra) is declared Caliph at Makkah [684]. The extension of the Haram in Makkah in 684 by Caliph Abdullah b. Zubair. Abdul Malik declares himself Caliph at Damascus [685]. Mukhtar declares himself Caliph at Kufa [686]. 687 Mukhtar killed in the battle of Kufa by the troops of Caliph Abdullah b. Zubair (ra). The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem built by Caliph Abdul Malik. 691-92 Abdul Malik controls Kufa, sends his forces to Makkah. Caliph Abdullah b. Zubair (ra) killed. Abdul Malik accepted as Caliph [692-705]. Arab traders harassed from the Makran and Sindh coasts. 695 Muslims in Transoxiana. Khawarij revolts. 698 Carthage captured. 703 Berbers defeated by Muslims. 12,000 Berbers join Muslim army. 705-10 Al Walid I, Umayyad Caliph [705-715]. Muslims control Khiva and Tashqand [710]. The extensions of the Haram in Makkah in 709 and the Prophet's mosque in Madinah during 706-709 by Umayyad Caliph Al Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik. Additional prayer halls, a Mihrab, and minarets added to the Prophet's mosque. Sindhi pirates pludered eight vessels containing valuable gifts from King of Ceylon to Caliph Al Walid and Hajjaj. Pirates plunder Muslim ships and take hostages. |
| ABOUT ISLAM RELIGION |
750 C.E. (Common Era) Fall of Damascus, End of the Umayyads [661-750] in the Muslim heartland. Mughlis al-Abdi, Governor of Sind, India. [Muslims in India]. 751 Muslims defeat Chinese at the Battle of Talas. 754 Al Mansur, Abbasid Caliph [754-775]. Chinese emperor Su Tsung loses his capital Ch'ang-An in a revolt [755] and requests Caliph A-p'u Ch'a-fo (Abu Ja'far Al Mansur) to help regain his capital. Four thousand Muslim soldiers sent by the Caliph liberate the capital and restore the Emperor. Many of them settled in China, their descendants (through intermarriages and conversion) are Chinese Hui. Special "naphtha (petroleum) tax" levied on Baku (Azerbaijan). The extension of the Haram in Makkah in 754 by Abbasid Caliph Al Mansur. 756 Umayyad rule founded in Andalusia (Spain, Portugal and southern France) by Abdul Rahman b. Muawiyah b. Caliph Hisham [756-788]. Abdul Rahman is also known as the 'Falcon of Spain.' 759 Muslims loose Norbonne (France) to Franks; retake attempts in 792, 841 and 1019. Sulaiman, Governor of Barcelona, conspires with Pepin the Short. 762 Shia revolts. 763 City of Baghdad founded. 765 Pepin the Short sends a delegation to Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad for cooperation against Umayyad Andalusia. Caliph Al Mansur sends ambassadors to Pepin's Court [768]. 768 Hisham b. Amr Al Taghlibi, Abbasid Governor of Indus Valley (from Sind to borders of Kashmir) [768-774]; also known as Muhammad b. Qasim, the Second. Sulaiman, ex-Governor of Saragossa, gives allegiance to Charles. Death of Pepin; Charlemagne, King of Franks [768-814], crowned as emperor by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800. 772 Rustamid state founded in Morocco by Rahman b. Rustam. 773 Naval arsenals production facilities established at Seville, Almeria, Carthagena, Tortosa, and Tarracona. 775 Al Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph [775-785]. 777-78 Battle of Saragossa, Spain. Charles captures Pamplona, appoints his son Louis king of Acquitaine. 777-81 The extensions of the Haram in Makkah during 777-780 and the Prophet's mosque in Madinah during 777-781 by Abbasid Caliph Al Mahdi. 785 Al Hadi, Abbasid Caliph [785-786]. Shia revolt in Makkah. 786 Harun al Rashid, Abbasid Caliph [786-809], introduced use of fireproof uniforms and padding for troops and their horses. Indian scholars from Abbasid principality of Sindh (Indus Valley) visited Baghdad. A couple of decades later, the exchange of non-Muslim scholars led to introduction of non-Islamic concepts in certain philosophical deliberations. Great mosque of Cordoba, Spain: Construction began, site purchased for 100,000 gold dinars by Sultan Abdul Rahman. Salim Yunisi, Abbasid Governor of Indus Valley [786-790]. 788 Hisham I, Amir of Andalus [788-796]. Idrisid rule founded in the Maghrib. 792 South France invaded, Muslims attempt to retake Norbonne. [Muslims in Occitania] 793 Muslims victorious at the battle of Villedaigne, advance up to Carcassone. 796 Al Hakam, Amir of Andalus [796-822]. Extended the great mosque of Cordoba and established the first university in Andalusia in Cordoba. Rebellious Muslim chiefs meet Charles at Aix-la-Chapelle, Muslim chief of Huesca conspires with Louis of Aquitaine. 799 Khazar revolt suppressed in Central Asia. 800 Aghlabid rule founded is North Africa by Ibrahim b. Aghlab [800-811]. 801 Embassies exchanged between Charlemagne and Harun Al Rashid. 803 Death of Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber), Father of Chemistry. 805 Island of Rhodes captured. 809 Al Amin, Abbasid Caliph [809-814, assassinated]. 'Amr recaptures all Franco-Aragonese towns. 810 First truce between Charlemagne and Hakam; Second in 812. 811 Abdullah I, Aghlabid ruler [811-816]. 813 Muslims attack Nice, Corsica, Civita Vecchia (near Rome). 814 Al Mamun, Abbasid Caliph [814-833]. Wali al-naft (oil czar) appointed in every major naptha (oil) producing district of Muslim empire. The King of Afghanistan accepts Islam during the caliphate of Al Mamun. Muslims capture Balaeric Islands and colonize Crete. 815 Shia revolt. 816-18 Islands of Corsica, Izira, Majorica, and Sardinia captured by the Umayyads in Spain. Shia revolt in Makkah [816]. Ziyadatullah I, Aghlabid ruler [816-837]. 820 Tahirid rule founded in Khurasan by Abdullah b. Tahir [820-849]. Pamplona under Muslims. 822 Abdul Rahman II, Amir of Andalus [822-852]. 825 Muslim rule in Crete [825-961]. 827 Asad bin Al Furat in Sicily: Azara, Marj, Syracuse occupied. Some Muslim historians have suggested that Asad bin Al Furat is the progenitor of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). Asad's descendants were known as 'Banu Furat'; for other such names see 1031 C.E. Mutazila thought declared as the state approved by Caliph Al Mamun. Naval attack on Oye in Brittany by the Muslims. 828 Death of Al Asmai (Zoology, Botany, Animal Husbandry; 740-828). 831 Naval attack on Marseilles by the Muslims. Muslims sail up the estuary of the Rhone. Abbasid Ambassadors arrive at the court of Louis the Gentle. 833 Al Mutasim, Abbasid Caliph [833-842]. 836 Caliph Mutasim moves Abbasid capital to Samarra. 837-39 Several Revolts: Jats [837], Babek in Azarbaijan [838], Mazair in Tabaristan [839]. Aghlab, Aghlabid ruler [837-840]. 838 Byzantines defeated at Ankara. 839 South Italy occupied by Muslims: Bari [847-871], Taranto [850-880], Garigleano [ended 915]. Sicily under Muslim control: Palermo [831], Messina [839], Castrogiovanni [853]. 840 Muhammad I, Aghlabid ruler [840-860]. Death of Al-Khwarizmi (Algorizm) (Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, Algorithm, Algebra, Calculus; 770-840). 842 Al Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph [842-847]. 846 Muslims Squadrons (privateers) sail up the Tiber, reach at the gates of Rome. 847 Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph [847-861, assassinated], sends troops against Ishaq ibn Isma'il, Amir of Georgia, abolishes Mutazila thought [850], Town of Jafariya founded [858]. Muslim principality of Bari (Italy) founded by Berber Chief Kalfun, 847-871. 848 Musa, Governor of Saragossa, penetrates into France; Charles the Bald sues for peace. 849 Tahir II [849-873]. Tahirid rule ended in 873. 850 Naffatun or naphtha troops (fighting corps) established by the Abbasid caliphate. Introduced refined lamp oil or kerosene manufactured from crude oil by distillation, al-inbiq (alembic). Multan, capital of a Muslim state in India. Citizens of the Kingdom of Tekur, on the banks of Senegal (during Dya'ogo dynasty), accept Islam. 852 Muhammad I, Umayyad Amir of Andalus [852-886]. 853 Greater part of Sicily under Muslim control. 856 Habbarid rule in Sind founded by Arab Abbasid Governor Umar b. Abdul Aziz [856-886], a fifth descendant from Habbar b. Al Aswad, a Quraish from the family of Khadija (ra) the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Umar and his father were born in Sind. 859 Muslim adventurers construct a harbor at Camargue, Provence. 860 Samanid rule founded in Transoxiana by Ahmad [860-874]. Eleven Samanid rulers. Ahmad, Aghlabid ruler [860-863]. Scientist Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) (Astronomy, Civil Engineering; C. 860). 861 Muntasir, Abbasid Caliph [861, poisoned]. 862 Mustain, Abbasid Caliph [862-866, deposed]. 863 Ziyadatullah II, Aghlabid ruler [863-864]. 864 Zaidi rule founded in Tabaristan. Muhammad II, Aghlabid ruler [864-874]. 866 Mutaaz, Abbasid Caliph [866-869, abdicated]. 867 Saffarid rule founded in Sistan. 868 Tulunid rule founded in Egypt by Ahmad b. Tulun [868-884]. Death of 'Amr ibn Bakr Al-Jahiz (Zoology, Arabic Grammar, Rhetoric, Lexicography; 776-868). 869 Muhtadi, Abbasid Caliph [869-870]. 870 Mutamid, Abbasid Caliph [870-892]. Abbasid capital moved back to Baghdad. Kerosene lamps in common use for heating and lighting. Asphalt roads. Death of Ali ibn Rabban Al-Tabari (Medicine, Mathematics, Caligraphy, Literature; 838-870). 871 Most of the citizens of Afghanistan follow Islam. Caliph's interest in the province of Sindh (Indus Valley) diminishes. 873 Death of Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Metallurgy; 800-873). The citizens of Daylam accept Islam on their own. 874 Nasr I, Samanid ruler [874-892]. Ibrahim II, Aghlabid ruler [874-902]. 877 'Amr b. Layth, ruler in Sistan. Death of Charles the Bald while on his way to fight Muslims in Italy. 884 Khamarwiyiah, Tulunid ruler [884-895]. 886 Al Mundhir, Umayyad Amir of Andalusia [886-888]. 888 Abdullah, Umayyad Amir of Andalusia [888-912]. Abdullah b. Umar, Habbarid ruler of Indus valley [888-914]. The Qur'an translated in Sindhi during Abdullah's reign. Death of 'Abbas Ibn Firnas (Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals). 89l Qarmatian state founded in Bahrain by Abu Said, assassinated in 903; Sacked Basra in 898. 892 Ismail, Samanid ruler [892-907]. 895-96 Tulunid ruler Jaysh [895-896] and Harun [896-904]. 897 The extension of the Haram in Makkah by Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tadid. 900 Muslims control regions of Provence, Dauphine, Piedmont, Montferrat, La Maurienne, St. Gall, Great St. Bernard, and St. Remy. 901 Death of Thabit ibn Qurrah (Thebit) (Astronomy, Mechanics, Geometry, Anatomy; 836-901). 902 Abbasid Caliph Muktafi [902-907]. Abdullah II, Aghlabid ruler [902-903]. 903 Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir [903-931]. Ziyadatullah III, Aghlabid ruler [903-909]. 904 Tulunid ruler Shayban [904-905]. 905 Hamdanid rule founded in Jazira and Mosul by Abdullah b. Hamdan [905-935]. Tulunid rule ends in Egypt [868-905]. 906 Muslim cross the defiles of Dauphine and Mont Cenis, attack Aqui. Occupy Alpine passes in 911. 907 Abbasid Caliph Muqtadir [907-932, deposed and restored in 931]. Ahmad II, Samanid ruler [907-913]. 908 Samanids annex Saffarid territories, Saffarid rule ends. 909 Fatimid rule founded in North Africa by Ubaidullah al Mahdi [909-934], an eleventh descendant from Fatimah (ra), daughter of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Fourteen Fatimid rulers. Aghlabid rule ends [800-909]. 912 Abdur Rahman III, Umayyad Amir of Andalusia [912-961], declared himself Caliph in 929. Cordoba. |
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