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Islam is the great relegion
EARLY ISLAM
Islam is Great Part 2
Islam Is Great Part 3
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Islam Is Great Part 6
Surah-e-Fatiha
Quran in English
The Cow
The Cow 2
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| Islam Is Great Religion Part 2 |
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1031 CE (Common Era) End of the Umayyad rule in Spain, Portugal and southern France [756-1031]; Petty kingdoms in Spain: Malaga under Banu Hamud, Granada under Zawids, Seville under Banu Abbad, Toledo under Zun Nun, Saragosa under Banu Hud. Names of Arabic Origin in Spain, Portugal and the Americas. Al Qaim, Abbasid Caliph [1031-1075, deposed and reinstated as Caliph by Tughril Beg in 1059].
1033 Sultan Masud of Ghazni found already prospering community of Muslims in Kashmir. [Map of modern India; before 1947 India included present Pakistan and Bangladesh].
1035 Al Mustansir, Fatimid Caliph [1035-1094].
1036 Tughril Beg, king of the Seljuks [1036-1063].
1037 Death of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy; 981-1037).
1040 Al Moravid rule in North Africa. The name Al-Moravid is derived from Marabouts and Ribat, a saintly community of Berbers of Sinhaja settled on an island on the Senegal river. Seljuks defeated the Ghazanavids in the battle of Dandanqan. Gaznavid rule confined to Afghanistan and India. Kalbi rule ends in Sicily. Death of Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) (Physics, Optics, Mathematics; 965-1040).
1041 Ghazanavid Sultan Maudud [1041-1048].
1042 Most of the pagan Ilik Khans from ruling family of Central Asia accept Islam.
1044 Buwayhid Sultan Abu Kalijar [1044-1048].
1046 Basasiri rule in Baghdad.
1047 The Zirids transfer allegiance to the Abbasids.
1048 Buwayhid Sultan Malikur Rahim [1048-1055]. Ghaznavid Sultan Ali [1049-1051]. Death of Ibn Abu Raihan Al-Biruni (Astronomy, Mathematics; Determined Earth's circumference; 973-1048)
1049 War Jabi, ruler of Tekur (lower valley of Senegal), accepts Islam.
1050 Muslims evacuate Provence.
1052 Ghaznavid Sultan Farrukhzad [1052-1058].
1055 Buwayhids overthrown by Tughril Beg. Buwayhid Rule ends [945-1055]. Abbasid Caliph Al Qaim bestowed on Tughril Beg the title 'Sultan' (Tughril Beg, First Seljuk Sultan [1055-1063]).
1057 Basasiri recaptures power in Baghdad, offers allegiance to the Fatmid Caliph.
1058 Ghaznavid Sultan Ibrahim [1058-1099]. Death of Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) (Political Science, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Ethics; 972-1058).
1060 Marrakesh founded by Yusuf b. Tashfin, the Al-Moravid ruler in the Maghrib [1060-1106]. Bougie, the new capital of the Zirids.
1062 Zirid ruler Tamin [1062-1108].
1063 Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan [1063-1073].
1067 P'u Tsung-Meng [1032-1098], a descendant of Abu Ali family of Kuang-Chou, served as Palace Editor, Grand Secretary and Vice Minister under Sung Emperor Shen-tsung [1067-85].
1068 Famous Muslim geographer Abu Bakri described Ghana as advanced and a prosperous country economically. Most of the ministers and treasurers of the King were Muslim; recorded events and correspondence in Arabic.
1071 Battle of Malazgerd (Manzikert). Byzantine emperor taken captive by the Seljuks.
1073 Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah [1073-1092].
1075 Abbasid Caliph Al Muqtadi [1075-1094].
1076 Al Moravids capture Ghana.
1077 Khawarzam Shah Anushtigin [1077-1097].
1082 Al Moravids conquer Algeria. Their territories extend from North Africa to Senegal.
1085 Fall of Toledo to Christians. Umm-Jilmi, ruler of Kanem (modern northern Chad) [1085-1097] accepts Islam.
1086 Rum Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arsalan [1086-1107].
1087 Al Moravids defeat Christians in Spain at the Battle of Zallakha. Major part of Muslim Spain under Al Moravids. Death of Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) (Astronomy, Invented Astrolabe; 1028-1087).
1090 Muslims expelled from the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Malta. Godfroi de Bouillon, Count of Lorraine (now in France), founded the 'Ordre de Sion' (Order of Zion).
1091 End of Muslim rule in Sicily after 264 years, Normans conquer Sicily.
1092 Seljuk Sultan Mahmud [1092-1094].
1094 Abbasid Caliph Mustahzir [1094-1111]. Seljuk Sultan Barkiaruk [1094-1104]. Fatimid Caliph Al Mustali [1094-1101].
1096-99 Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade in 1095 at the Council of Clermont. Sultan Kilij Arsalan defeats Peter the Hermit [1096]. Crusaders take Nicaea [1097], Edessa and Antioch [1098].
1097 Khawarzam Shah Qutbuddin [1097-1127].
1099 Crusaders led by Godfrey (Godfroi de Bouillon) capture Jerusalem. Coptic, Syrian, Armenian, Georgian and Greek priests expelled from the Church of Holy Sepulchre by the crusaders. Massacres and plunder. Godfroi, founder of 'Ordre de Sion', takes the title 'Defender of the Holy Sepulture'. Knights Templar operated under the Ordre de Sion (Order of Zion). Crusaders kill ten thousand citizens of Jerusalem, including those who took refuge in the Al-Aqsa mosque and were promised safety. [Quotations from Michael the Elder (Great), Patriarche Jacobite d’ Antioche].
Ghaznavid Sultan Masud III [1099-1114].
1100 Timbuktu founded. Most of the citizens of Jenne and Timbuktu proclaim Islam. Baldwin (Baudouin, the younger brother of Godfroi), count of Edessa, proclaims himself the King of Jerusalem.
1101 Fatimid Caliph Al Aamir [1101-1130].
1104 Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I [1104-1118]. Crusaders defeated at Harran.
1106 Al-Moravid ruler Ali [1106-1143].
1107 Rum Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah [1107-1116].
1108 Zirid ruler Yahya [1108-1116].
1110 According to Sung census taken during the reign of Hui-tsung [1101-25], the Chinese Muslim population was two Million (4.3% of the total Chinese population of forty seven Million).
1111 Abbasid Caliph Mustarshid [1111-1134, assassinated]. Christians capture Saragossa, Spain. Death of Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (Sociology, Theology, Philosophy; 1058-1111).
1116 Rum Seljuk Sultan Rukn-ud-Din Masud [1116-1156].
1118 Ghaznavid Sultan Bahram Shah [1118-1152].
1118 Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II [1118-1130].
1123 Death of Omar Al-Khayyam (Mathematics, Poetry; 1044-1123).
1127 Imad-ud-Din Zangi [1127-1146, assassinated], ruler in Masul; Zangi rule. Khawarzam Shah Atsiz [1127-1156].
1128 Knights Templars officially recognized and incorporated as a religious-military order by the Church council held at Troyes, Champagne. The order became known as the "Militia of Christ" and "Knights of Christ."
1130 Seljuk Sultan Tughril Beg II [1130-1134]. Fatimid Caliph Al Hafiz [1130-1149].
1134 Abbasid Caliph Al Rashid [1134-1135, deposed]. Seljuk Sultan Masud [1134-1152].
1135 Abbasid Caliph Al Muktafi [1135-1160].
1137-39 Zangi captured Fulk, King of Jerusalem, then released him. Pope Innocent II issued a Bull [1139] stating that the Templars owe allegiance only to the Pope.
1140 Principality of Ghur under the Ghaznavids declares itself independent and transfer their allegiance to Seljuk Turks. Ghuri rule [1140-1206]. Ghurids were a native of Hazarajat in Afghanistan, a hilly tract between Ghazni and Herat. Ghuri Sultan Izzuddin Husain [1140-44].
1143 Al Moravid ruler Tashfin II [1143-1146].
1144 Zangi liberates Edessa from crusaders.
1146 Nur-ud-Din Zangi [1146-1171]. Noorie Hospital, Damascus.
1147-49 Second Crusade led by Conrad III, Emperor of Germany, and Louis VII, King of France. Knights Templars adopted splayed Red Cross flags in the battle. Odo of Deuil, a monk of St. Denis and Chaplain to Louis VII, reported that a large number of crusaders converted to Islam.
1147 Al Mohads overthrow Al Moravids in the Maghrib. Abul Mumin [1147-1163]. Al Moravid rule ends [1040-1147].
1148 Zirid rule ends in North Africa [972-1148].
1149 Fatimid Caliph Al Zafir [1149-1154].
1152 Seljuk Sultans Malik Shah II [1152] and Muhammad II [1152-1159]. Hamadid rule ends in North Africa. Ghaznavid Sultan Khusro Shah [1152-1160]. Alauddin, the ruler of Ghur, defeated Sultan of Ghazni and burned the city of Gazni.
1153 Seljuk Sultan Muhammad II [1153-1159].
1154 Fatimid Caliph Al Faiz [1154-1160].
1156 Rum Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arsalan II [1156-1192]. Khawarzam Shah Arsalan [1156-1172].
1158-59 Seljuk Sultan Sulaiman [1159-1161]. Death of Alauddin [1158]. Ghuri Sultan Ghiasuddin [1158-1202]. Ghaznavid rule confined to India [1158].
1160 Abbasid Caliph Al Mustanjid [1160-1170]. Fatimid Caliph Al Adid [1160-1171]. Ghaznavid Sultan Khusro Malik [1160-1186].
1161 Seljuk Sultan Arsalan Shah [1161-1176]. Death of Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) (Surgery, Medicine; 1091-1161).
1163 Al Mohad ruler Abu Yaqub Yusuf [1163-1185].
1166 Death of Al-Idrisi (Dreses) (Geography; developed world map and first globe; 1099-1166).
1167 Muslims deployed 20,000 naphtha devices in Fustat against the army of crusader king of Jerusalem, Amalric I, from taking Cairo.
1170 Abbasid Caliph Al Mustadi [1170-1179].
1171 End of the Fatimids [909-1171]. Sultan Salah-ud-Din Ayyubi [1171-1193], Ayyubid dynasty founded in Egypt.
1172 Khawarzam Shah Tukush Shah [1172-1199].
1174 Syria under the rule of Sultan Salah-ud-Din Ayyubi.
1175-85 Shahab-ud-din Ghuri defeated Ghuzz turks, captured Ghazni [1175], Multan and Uch, Peshawar [1179], and Sialkot [1185].
Seljuk Sultan Tughril Beg III [1176-1194].
1178 Pope Alexander III issued a Bull confirming Ordre de Sion's possessions in France, Spain, Sicily and Palestine.
1180 Abbasid Caliph Al Nasir [1180-1225]. Peshawar captured by Shahab-ud-Din Ghuri.
1185 Al Mohad ruler Abu Yusuf Yaqub [1185-1199].
1186 Gaznavid Sultan Khusro Malik overthrown by Shahab-ud-Din Ghuri (Ghauri) in Punjab. Ghaznavid rule ends [962-1186]. Ghuri (Ghauri or Ghori) rule in India [1186-1206].
1187 Crusaders led by Gerard de Ridefort defeated by Sultan Salah-ud Din at Hittin, near lake Tiberias. Six of the Knights of Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, accept Islam on the eve of the battle of Hittin. Sultan Salah-ud Din liberates Jerusalem and most of the crusader colonies.
1188 Order of Rose-Croix founded by Jean de Gisors. 'Ordre de Sion' (Order of Zion) and 'Knights Templar' separated; the 'Ordre de Sion' renamed 'Prieure de Sion'.
1189-92 Third Crusade led by Richard of England, Frederick Barbaroosa of Germany and Philippe Auguste of France. Robert of St. Albans, an English Templar accepted Islam, married a granddaughter of Sultan Salah-ud Din.
1192 Treaty of 1192 (November) between Richard and Sultan Salahud Din. Christians allowed free access to Jerusalem for pilgrimage.
1193 Death of Sultan Salah-ud Din Ayyubi on March 4, 1193 in Damascus; buried on the property of Umayyad Mosque. Ayyubid Sultan Al Aziz [1193-1198], civil war during his regime.
1193-98 End of the Seljuk rule [1055-1194]. Shahab-ud-Din Ghuri defeated Prithvi Raj, ruler of Delhi, at the Tarain near Karnal [1193]. Ghurids captured Delhi [1194], Ajmer, Kanauj, Benaras, Udantapuri, and Nadia. Qutb-ud-Din Aybak, Commander-in-Chief of Ghurid forces in India annexed Gujrat. Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti (ra) arrives in Ajmer, India [1195].
1198 Death of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology; 1128-1198).
1199 Al Mohad ruler Muhammad Nasir [1199-1214]. Ayyubid Sultan Al Adil I [1199-1218]. Khawarzam Shah Ala-ud-Din [1199-1220]. Ghurids control Northern India and Bengal. Ghuri general Bakhtiar Khilji appointed as the governor of Bengal.
1202 Ghurid Sultan Mahmud [1202-1210, assassinated]. Fourth Crusade [1202-1204]: Crusaders take Constantinople, sack the city; Byzantines recapture the city in 1261. Crusade against Muslims miscarried and recalled. [A Brief Account of the Crusades].
1204 Death of Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) (Astronomy).
1206 Sultan Shahab-ud-Din Ghuri (Ghauri) assassinated. Qutb-ud-Din Aybak, Commander-in-Chief of Ghurid forces in India, proclaimed himself King at Lahore [1206-10]. First Muslim ruler to use 'King' as his title. Aram Shah [1210-1211] overthrown by Iltutmish [1211-36] who became known as the first Delhi Sultan of Mamluk Dynasty [1211-90].
1211 Ghurid rule ends in India. Khawarzam Shah invaded Ghurid capital Feroz Kuh and annexed it. Ghurid rule ends.
1212-14 Al Mohad rule ends in Spain [1212]. Al Mohad ruler Al Mustansir [1214-1223].
1212-31 Rulers of various provinces revolt and declare independence. Tajuddin Yildoz, ruler of Ghazni, claimed India a part of his dominion, advanced to Delhi and was defeated by Iltutmish [1214]. Iltutmish recovered all provinces in battles: Bengal [1212, 1217], Punjab and Sind [1217], Ranthambor [1226], Jodhpur [1230], and Gwalior [1231].
1217-21 The Pope proclaims Fifth Crusade. Crusaders invade Egypt, take Damietta, finally repelled by Sultan Al Kamil.
From this time up to the end of the thirteenth century the crusader and Mongol invasions appear to have the common cause of ravaging and eliminating the Muslim rule throughout the Muslim world. The crusaders were active throughout the Mediterranean from Jerusalem and west to Muslim Spain, while the Mongols were active in despoiling Muslim lands and properties from the eastern most Muslim frontier, Central and Western Asia, India, Persia to Arab heartland.
1218 Ayyubid Sultan Al Kamil [1218-1237].
1220 Khawarzam Shah Jalal-ud-Din Mangbarni [1220-1230].
1221 Changez Khan (Mongols) appeared on the banks of Indus while pursuing Khawarzam Shah Jalal-ud-Din Mangbarni. Through military strategy and diplomacy of Iltutmish, Changez khan left Indus valley and India was saved temporarily from ravages of Mongols.
Dunama II, ruler of Kanem [1221-1259]. Kanem embassy established in Tunisia [1257].
1223 Al Mohad ruler Abdul Wahid [1223-1224].
1224 Al Mohad ruler Abdullah Adil [1224-1227].
1225 Abbasid Caliph Zahir [1225-1226].
1226 Abbasid Caliph Al Mustansir [1226-1242].
1227 Al Mohad ruler Mustasim [1227-1229].
1228 Geographer Yaqut al-Hamdawi mentions in his 'Mu'jam al-Buldan' two great oil fields in Muslim Baku (Azerbaijan).
1228-29 Sixth Crusade. No fight between Muslims and Crusaders. Ayyubid ruler Al Kamil delivers Jerusalem to Fredrick II of Hohenstaufen, in return for protection from the intrigues of Ayyubid princes. Storm of indignation by the Muslim world. Al Mohad ruler Idris [1229-1232].
1230 Khawarzam Shah rule ends [1077-1230].
Muhammad b. Yusuf b. Nasr from Banu Ahmar proclaims himself the Amir of the kingdom of Granada by consolidataing several Muslim petty kingdoms in southern Spain. Known as Ibn al Ahmar (son of the red due to his red hair) and the founder of the kingdom of Granada, Muhammad I held the title 'Al Ghalib billah,' and ruled from 1230 to 1272. Patronized Christian rulers of Castile and Aragon, which led to his isolation from helping other Muslim petty kingdoms and the eventual downfall of Cordoba, Seville and Murcia. The two Christians rulers then attacked Granada and occupied some territories of Granada and demanded tribute.
1230-36 Sultan Iltutmish owed allegiance to Abbasid Caliph Al Mustansir and is known as one of the greatest ruler of thirteenth century. He was known for justice, and ordinary citizens could present their grievances at any time without any intermediary. Qutub Minar built. Caliph Al Mustansir [1226-1242] bestowed on him the title 'Sultan-e-Azam.'
1232 Al Mohad ruler Abdul Wahid [1232-1243].
1236 Delhi Sultan Rukn-ud-Din Feroz Shah [1236-1237]. Fall of Muslim Cordoba (Qurtuba), Spain to Christians. [Quotations on Moorish (Islamic) Civilization].
1237 (Lady) Razia Sultana, Delhi Sultan [1237-1241].
1238 Fall of Muslim Valencia to Christians. Ayyubid ruler Al 'Adil II [1238-1240]. [Article on Valencia, Granada and Cordoba].
1240 Ayyubid ruler Al Salih [1240-1249].
1241 Delhi Sultan Bahram Shah [1241-1242]. Mongol invasion of Muslim territories began in the East; Muslim citizens of Lahore Massacred.
1242 Abbasid Caliph Mustasim [1242-1258, killed]. Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah [1242-1246]. Al Mohad ruler Abu Hasan [1242-1248].
1244 Crusaders defeated, Jerusalem liberated. Mongols pillaged Multan.
Abdul Rahman served as the Head of Imperial Finances and Taxes of China.
Sufi Sheikh Jalal-ud-Din Tabrizi arrived in Bengal, India.
1245 P'u Shou-keng, a descendant of Abu Ali family of Kuang-Chou, served as Superintendent of Merchant Shipping [1245-76] in Ch'uan-chou, and as Military Pacification Commissioner (Sung naval forces) of Fu-kien and Tung-chien.
1246 Delhi Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah [1246-1266]. His examplary conduct was similar to that of Umayyad Caliph Umar b. Abdul Aziz. He did not draw any salary from the state treasury and earned his living.
Death of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti (ra) in Ajmer, India. [Muslims in India].
1248 Al Mohad ruler Omar Murtada [1248-1267, killed]. Fall of Muslim Seville, Spain to Christians. Crusaders led by Louis IX, King of France, invade Egypt; crusaders defeated and Louis IX captured. Death of Ibn Al-Baitar (Pharmacy, Botany).
1249 Ayyubid ruler (Lady) Shajrul Durr [1249-1250].
1250 Ayyubid ruler Al Ashraf b. Al Zahir b. Sultan Salahuddin Ayyubi [1250-1252]. Ayyubid rule ends [1171-1252].
1253-62 Mongols (of the Chughtai house of Transoxiana) ravaged Punjab in several raids. Delhi Sultan's Prime Minister Balban removed from power by a group of Sultan's Turkish Amirs (administrators) in 1253 and reinstated a couple of years later. Balban's brother Kishlu Khan, Governor of Multan, revolted and offered his allegiance to Hulaku Khan, the Il-Khan ruler of Persia. Khokhars of Punjab helped Mongols in raids. Near Delhi, Hindus of Doab, the Meos of Mewat revolted against Muslim rule. The combined forces of Mongols and Multan led by Mongol Buyin Salin invaded India. Ghias-ud-Din Balban defeated Mongols decisively near Delhi. Mongols' invincibility broken by Mamluks of India and Mongols agreed not to make any more raids in India. Revolt by the governor of Bayana suppressed.
1255 Mansa (Emperor) Wali, the first ruler of Mali who converted to Islam [1255-1270].
1257 Berek Khan, Golden Horde Khanate ruler [1257-1266] of a state comprising a part of Russia and Eastern Europe, with capital at Sarai, Volga valley. Berek Khan was the first Mongol ruler who was a Muslim, converted to Islam before coming to power.
1258 The Mongol chief Hulaku (Hulegu), grandson of Genghis Khan, sacks Baghdad. Caliph Mustasim savagely killed by Mongols, untold massacre and carnage of civilians, libraries destroyed and books dumped in canals and river. Tigris polluted for many years. Berek Khan withdrew his contingents from Iraq in protest. End of Abbasid Caliphate [750-1258]. Hulaku, Mongol Il-Khans, rule established in Iraq and Persia with capital at Maragah. [Quotations on Islamic Civilization].
1260 Mamluks of Egypt defeated Mongols in Ayn Jalut, Syria. Mongol invincibility shattered. Mamluk Sultan Baybars [1260-1277].
Islam spreads in the interior of China during Yuan Dynasty [1260-1368]; Muslim astronomers and scientists contributed to the construction of Shensi (shaanxi) observatory during Yuan Dynasty.
1265 Death of Hulaku.
1266-86 Delhi Sultan Ghias-ud-Din Balban [1266-1286]. Responsible for defeating Mongols decisively in India (see 1253-62). He was a pious, just and generous ruler. Consolidated territories already within his domain after purging several revolts and trouble spots left after Mongols invasion. Reformed judicial system, established intelligence department, restored law and order on highways. Suppressed revolt by Tughril, the governor of Bengal, and appointed his son Bughra Khan as governor of Bengal [1282]. Mongols were defeated again in Multan by his son Muhammad who was later ambushed and killed by Mongols. Balban was a patron of literature. The famous Persian poet Amir Khusro flourished at his court.
1267 First Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia by Malik ul Salih. Murtada invades Morocco with the help of Spanish Christians and fails.
1269 Al Mohads rule ends in Morocco [1145-1269].
1270 Crusaders, led by Louis IX, invade Tunisia; Crusade failed. Mansa Wati, ruler of Mali [1270-1274]. [The Islamic Legacy of Timbuktu].
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