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| Quantum Mechanics |
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| Quantum Mechanics The Quantum theory was founded before Einstein began his theory of relativity and took much longer to be completed and understood. It was Planck's observations of quanta in the spectrum of black body radiation which first produced signs that the classical theories of mechanics were due for major revisions. Unlike general relativity which was essentially the work of one man, the quantum theory required major contributions from Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, Schroedinger, Dirac and many others, before a complete theory of quantum electrodynamics was formulated. In practical terms, the consequences of the theory are more far reaching than those of general relativity. Applications such as transistors and lasers are now an integral part of our lives and, in addition, the quantum theory allowed us to understand chemical reactions and many other phenomena. In the 1960's and 70's, further discoveries in quantum field theory have led to successful theories of the nuclear reactions and, in consequence, almost all ordinary physical phenomena can now be attributed to quantum interactions, even if the exact mechanisms are not always fully understood. The electromagnetic and weak nuclear interactions are unified into one force while the strong nuclear interaction is a force of a similar nature known as a gauge theory. Together these forces and all observed particles are combined into one self consistent theory known as the standard model of particle physics. Despite such spectacular success, confirmed in ever more detail in high energy accelerator experiments, the quantum theory is still criticised by some physicists who feel that its indeterministic nature and its dependency on the role of observer suggest an incompleteness. |
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