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| HAIFA |
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| HAIFA. Israel's major port and third largest city, Haifa has been compared to San Francisco for its mountainous seaside beauty. Located in the northern part of the country on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, Haifa has majestic views from Mount Carmel, looking northward over Haifa Bay. Haifa is an industrial, commercial, and educational center. Its principal industries include steel manufacturing, food processing, shipbuilding, and the production of chemicals, textiles, and cement. Haifa has an electric power plant and petroleum refineries, and its Dagon silo can hold 100,000 tons of grain. Haifa University and the Technion, or Israel Institute of Technology, draw Israeli students as well as many students from other countries. The world headquarters of the Bahai faith is in Haifa, and its neoclassical temple made of white marble with a gold dome is surrounded by majestic Persian gardens. The Haifa Museum and several smaller museums attract many visitors. These include the National Maritime Museum, located near the port; the Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art and the Mane Katz Museum on Mount Carmel; and a music museum devoted to folk-music instruments of Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America. Also frequently visited are Elijah's cave and the Carmelite monastery of Stella Maris. The city also has a professional orchestra, a youth orchestra, and a theater company. Haifa is laid out in four major sections. The lower city near the port is both a residential and commercial area. The bay area is heavily industrial. Hadar Hacarmel, at the foot of Mount Carmel, houses the shopping district, movie theaters, and many restaurants. This and the other lower areas are connected with Mount Carmel by Israel's only subway, called the Carmelit. Mount Carmel is mostly a residential area, with some of the houses and apartments atop the mountain facing the bay. Haifa was first mentioned in the Talmud and has since been claimed by many people. In 1100 the Crusaders conquered the city, slaughtering Arabs and Jews. The city was destroyed by the Mamluks in 1291, captured by the Turks in 1517, and fortified by the Bedouin Sheikh Dahir el Amr in 1750. Jewish settlers from North Africa and Germany came to Haifa in the 19th century. In 1933 the modern port opened with plans that had been started by the British during their occupation, which began in 1918. During the War of Independence in 1948 the Arabs of Haifa surrendered the city to Jewish fighters of the Haganah, or underground defense organization. Population (1983 census), 227,900. |
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