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| Prithvi Training Institute |
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| Learn Basics... |
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| How Thermo Siphon Reboiler works ? |
| Thermo Siphon Reboiler works on the principle of density difference. As temperature of liquid rises, normally its density decreases. Cold Liquid(High Density) + Heat = Hot Liquid (Low Density) Lower the density of liquid, it moves above the higher density liquid (cold). Based on this principle, as cold liquid enters the reboiler, where it indirectly come in contact with heat supplying media like steam. Heat is picked up by the cold liquid and it gets heated up (reduction in density). Due to reduction of density, layer of hot liquid moves above cold liquid layer (entering to reboiler). This phenomena continues layer by layer which forms natural circulation in the reboiler. Heated liquid coming out from the reboiler flashes outside and provide the generated vapors for supplying heat to the connected system like distillation column. After flashing i.e. loosing heat in the form of generated vapors, cold liquid (low density) again enters at the bottom of reboiler to pick up heat from external heat supplying media. |
| How cooling tower removes system heat ? |
| In Chemical Process Industry (CPI), heat transfer operation is a very widely used phenomena. Heat is removed from the system for various purposes like: - cooling down hot products, - condensing vapors, - removal of exothermic reaction heat etc. Cooling water is one of the most commonly used utility in the CPI for removing system heat. Cold water is circulated in the system to pick up heat and thus return water temperature is increased. Cold Water + System Heat = Hot Water Cooling tower helps in removing the heat picked by the circulating water. Cooling tower works on the principle of Evaporative Cooling i.e. hot water cools down by its evaporation. Evaporated water vapors which contains higher heat contents, removes the heat from the hot water and make it cold. Hot Water - Water Vapors = Cold Water The circulating air, which is relatively dry, picks up the water vapors and becomes humid. Dry Air + Water Vapors = Humid Air This is possible only under following two conditions: - Air should come in contact of water - Air in to the Cooling Tower shall be able to pick up water vapors. Cooling Tower have the provisions to make better contact of air and hot water, as well as for circulating fresh atmospheric air (relatively dry) within the Cooling Tower. |
| How selection of Raw Material effects generation of plant Effluent ? |
| Effluent is generated in Chemical Process Industry (CPI) mainly during the process. Following are two main sources for the generation of effluent in the CPI: ..... Formation of side products ..... Unwanted components present in the raw material. Unwanted components present in the raw material generates effluent in two ways: ....... Non-reacting components left behind and discarded from the process at the time of product purification ....... Unwanted components in the raw material in parallel react to produce impurities which are separated and removed as effluent. Thus specifications of raw materials matter for the generation of the effluent in CPI. Highly pure raw material is always a better choice (if economics permits) for the reduction of effluent generation substantially. |
| What are the possible causes of liquid not being pumped by the Centrifugal Pump ? |
| Following are the possible causes for centrifugal pump not pumping liquid: ... Suction lift too high (especially for negative pump suction conditions) ... Low available Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) ... Speed of pump driver too low ... Total head of the system is higher than design head of the pump ... Parallel operation of pumps are not suitable. |
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