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About Neem
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The bark of the neem tree is used for cosmetics, health care products and medicinal preparations. Neem leaves are medicinal The kernel of the neem fruit is crushed to yield neem oil which is used chiefly in pest control products and also in medicinal, cosmetic and health care products.
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The sanskrit name nimba, is a derivative of the term nimbati syasthyamdadati - meaning ‘to give good health’.
In our ancient religious texts, neem is referred to as sarva roga nivarini (the curer of all ailments).
Properties and Action According to Indigenous Medical Systems:
Guna – Laghu
Rasa – Tikta Kashaya
Vipak – Katu
Veerya – Sheet
Action (karma);
Bark is
Poushte (nutritious),
Grahi (anti-diarrhoeal),
Krimighna (wormicidal),
Niyatkalik Jwar Prati,
Bandhak (cures intermittent fevers).
Leaves are
Shothaghna (anti-inflammatory),
Twaydoshahan (cures skin disorders),
Vran Ropak (wound healer),
Vran Shodhak (disinfects wounds),
Keshya (good for hair),
Kushtaghna (cures skin diseases),
Chakshushya (good for eyes).
In India, Ayurved classified Neem in different therapeutic applications:
Kandughna - it is best drug for skin disorders.
Aragvadhani - antipoisonous, antipyretic, antidermatotic, antiemetic,antiseptic.
Lakshadi - astringent, bitter, anthelmintic, antidermatotic, antiseptic.
Neem oil derived from seeds is antidermatotic and powerful anthelmintic, and bitter in taste.
Dermatological disorders :-- oil from seeds forms a useful application in ringworm and scabies.
Hair care : -- to get rid of lice and dandruff the massage of Neem oil on the scalp at night and washing of the hair with neem water in
morning is recommended.
Dermal disorders and syphilis : -- in skin diseases like eczema, ringworm psoriasis, Leucoderma, the external application of oil on the
affected part is proved to be effective. It is also useful in syphilitic sores.
Toiletries : -- Neem fights against the bacteria and reduces the excessive perspiration and bad odour. It is used for domestic purpose also. It cleanses the Skin and improves the Complexion. It is effective against the pimples and black spots on face.
The Materia Medica by Uday Chand Dutt states about NEEM
"This useful tree is indigenous to India and is cultivated all over the country for the
sake of its bark, leaves and fruits. These have been used in Hindu medicine from a very remote period.
The bark is regarded as bitter, tonic, astringent and useful in fever, thirst, nausea, vomiting and skin diseases. The bitter leaves are used as a pot-herb being made into soup or curry with other vegetables. The slightly aromatic and bitter taste which they impart to the curries thus prepared, is much relished by some. The leaves are moreover an old and popular remedy for skin diseases. The fruits are described as purgative and emollient and useful in intestinal worms, urinary diseases, and ulcers."
It also states in the book that the bark is used in fever, that the fresh juice of the leaves is given with salt in intestinal worms, and with honey in jaundice and skin diseases.
Neem also enters into several compound preparations used in skin diseases. As an external
application to ulcers and skin diseases, neem leaves are used in a variety of forms such as poultice, wash, ointment and liniment.
A poultice made of equal parts of neem leaves and sesame seeds is recommended by Chakradatta for unhealty ulcerations.
The Materia Medica of Ayurveda by Dr. Bhagwan Dash, mentions:
NIMBA (AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS.) Nimba cures aggravated pitta and kapha, chardi (vomiting), vrana (ulcer), hrllasa (nausea) and Kushta (obstinate skin diseases including leprosy). It is cooling, constipative, and a digestive stimulant. It cures kasa coughing), jvara (fever), trt (morbid thirst), krimi (parasitic infection) and meha (obstinant urinary disorders including diabetes).
NIMBA alleviates the vitiation (impurities or corruption) of the blood, pitta and kapha.
It also mentions that according to Susruta nimba belongs to a group of drugs that can cure daha (burning syndrome) and aruci (anorexia). nimba belongs to another group of drugs that can alleviate kapha and poisoning, kandu (itching) and cleansing of ulcers.
The medicated oil which is prepared of nimba is useful for cleansing ulcers.
Materia Medica of Ayurveda based on Madanpalas Nighantu,mentions that it is constipative. This indicates that along with its anti-bacterial and anti-viral actions it may be useful in dysentary.
It has been stated that it suppresses an unsuppurated boil and helps in the bursting open of a suppurated one. In still another statement on specific actions it is mentioned that it is useful for eyes. It appears that they are talking about the leaf for the above mentioned uses, because following these descriptions it lists the attributes, potency and specific action for the fruit of the nimba tree. The attributes are unctuous and light, the potency is hot and the specific action is purgative. As oppossed to the leaf which is light in attribute, cold in potency and constipative in its specific action.
In still another book by Dr. Bhagwan Dash A Hand Book of Ayurveda in a section on how to manage diabetes he states that taking neem leaves in the morning is good; they reduce blood sugar.
In The Yoga of Herbs, by Drs. Vasant Lad and David Frawley, the Qualities and uses of neem are described as:
The parts used are the bark and leaves not mentioning the fruit or the oil derived from it until later. The energetics are listed as bitter in taste, cooling in its nature and pungent in its post digestive effect on the tissues. The tissues affected are plasma, blood, and fat. The systems affected are the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary. Its actions on the systems is that of a bitter tonic, antipyretic, alterative, antithelmintic, antiseptic, and antiemetic.
These are the western naturopathic terms for the actions already explained in the above Materia Medicas in sanskrit.
According to Drs. Lad and Frawley, neem is indicated in the following conditions:
skin diseases like (urticaria, ringworm, and eczema), parasites, fever, malaria (for which it is famous), cough, thirst, nausea, vomiting, diabetes, tumors, obesity, arthritis, rheumatism, and jaundice.
Precautions are called for in diseases of cold or tissue deficiency. In discussing the preparation of neem they indicate making infusions, decoctions, using the powdered leaf directly, a paste of the fresh leaves, medicated ghee, and medicated oil.
The following two paragraphs are direct quotes from the book giving a general explanation of the healing effects of the neem tree.
NEEM is one of the most powerful blood-purifiers and detoxifiers in Ayurvedic usage. It cools the fever and clears the toxins involved in most inflammatory skin diseases or those found in ulcerated mucous membranes. It is a powerful febrifuge, effective in malaria and other intermittent and periodic fevers (in which case it is usually used with black pepper and gentian).
Neem can be taken whenever a purification or reduction program is indicated. It clears away all foreign and excess tissue, and possesses a supplementary astringent action that promotes healing. Yet it should be used with discretion where there is severe fatigue or
emaciation. In medicated oil, it is one of the best healing and disinfectant agents for skin diseases, and anti-inflammatory agent for joint and muscle pain.
In another book by Dr. Bhagwan Dash Ayurvedic Cures for Common Diseases he states that neem is extremely effective for scabies.
"The parts of the body affected by scabies should be washed daily with water boiled with neem leaves. Soap prepared with neem oil is very useful. Neem leaves can be chewed and taken internally also. Tender neem leaves which are not very bitter, are made into a pill the size of a pea and given to the patient, twice a day ."
In still another book by Dr. Bhagwan Dash Fundamentals o
Neem uses
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Effects on Insects
The growing accumulation of experience demonstrates that neem products work by intervening at several stages of an insect's life. The ingredients from this tree approximate the shape and structure of hormones vital to the lives of insects (not to mention some other invertebrates and even some microbes). The bodies of these insects absorb the neem compounds as if they were the real hormones, but this only blocks their endocrine systems. The resulting deep-seated behavioral and physiological aberrations leave the insects so confused in brain and body that they cannot reproduce and their populations plummet.
Increasingly, approaches of this kind are seen as desirable methods of pest control: pests don't have to be killed instantly if their populations can be incapacitated in ways that are harmless to people and the planet as a whole. In the 1990s this is particularly important: many synthetic pesticides are being withdrawn, few replacements are being registered, and rising numbers of insects are developing resistance to the shrinking number of remaining chemical controls.
The precise effects of the various neem-tree extracts on a given insect species are often difficult to pinpoint. Neem's complexity of ingredients and its mixed modes of action vastly complicate clarification. Moreover, the studies to date are hard to compare because they have used differing test insects, dosages, and formulations. Further, the materials used in various tests have often been handled and stored differently, taken from differing parts of the tree, or produced under different environmental conditions.
But, for all the uncertainty over details, various neem extracts are known to act on various insects in the following ways:
· Disrupting or inhibiting the development of eggs, larvae, or pupae;
· Blocking the molting of larvae or nymphs;
· Disrupting mating and sexual communication;
· Repelling larvae and adults;
· Deterring females from laying eggs;
· Sterilizing adults;
· Poisoning larvae and adults;
· Deterring feeding;
· Blocking the ability to "swallow" (that is, reducing the motility of the gut);
· Sending metamorphosis awry at various stages; and
· Inhibiting the formation of chitin.(Chitin is the material comprising the insect's exoskeleton. Stopping the formation of a new "skin", for the next stage in its development is one way that azadirachtin acts to regulate the growth of an insect.)
As noted earlier, neem extracts have proved as potent as many commercially available synthetic pesticides. They are effective against dozens of species of insects at concentrations in the parts-per-million range. At present, it can be said that repellency is probably the weakest effect, except in some locust and grasshopper species. Antifeedant activity (although interesting and potentially extremely valuable) is probably of limited significance; its effects are short-lived, and highly variable. Blocking the larvae from molting is likely to be neem's most important quality. Eventually, this larvicidal activity will be used to kill off many pest species.
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INSECTS AFFECTED
By 1990, researchers had shown that neem extracts could influence almost 200 insect species. These included many that are resistant to, or inherently difficult to control with, conventional pesticides: sweet potato whitefly, green peach aphid, western floral thrips, diamondback moth, and several leafminers, for instance.
In general, it can be said that neem products are medium- to broadspectrum pesticides of plant-eating (phytophagous) insects. They affect members of most, if not all, orders of insects, including those discussed below.
Orthoptera
In Orthoptera (such as grasshoppers, crickets, locusts), the antifeedant effect seems especially important. A number of species refuse to feed on neem-treated plants for several days, sometimes several weeks. Recently, a new effect, which converts the desert locust from the gregarious swarming form into its nonmarauding solitary form, has been discovered.
As a test of neem's ability to repel insects, entomologist Thyril Ladd dipped a glass rod into dilute neem extract and wrote the letters "N" and "M" on a soybean leaf. He then exposed the leaf to the Japanese beetle, a pest renowned for a voracious appetite for soybean leaves. As can be seen, the bulk of the leaf was stripped to its woody veins, but the insects succumbed to starvation rather than nibble on the "N" or "M." (T. Ladd)
Homoptera
Aphids, leafhoppers, psyllids, whiteflies, scale insects, and other homopterous pests are sensitive to neem products to varying degrees. For instance, nymphs of leafhoppers and planthoppers show considerable antifeedant and growth-regulating effects. However, scale insects (especially soft scale), are little affected. Phloem feeders, such as aphids, are in general not good candidates for neem used systemically (see earlier). In some cases, the host plant may influence the degree of control; this seems to apply to some whiteflies, which are affected on some crops but not on others.
Neem derivatives may also influence the ability of homopterous insects to carry and transmit certain viruses. It has been shown, for example, that low doses keep the green rice leafhopper from infecting rice fields with tungro virus. The cause is uncertain but seems to be only partly owing to neem killing the insects or modifying their feeding behavior.
Thysanoptera
Neem is very effective on thrips larvae, which occur in the soil. However, once the adult thrips and related pests have taken up residence on the plants themselves, they are less sensitive to neem extracts. Oily formulations have shown some success in exploratory trials (perhaps because the oil
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