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| Pampanga |
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| Perhaps no other grammarian besides me has ever written anything about merged pronouns. This is so, because merged pronouns are probably found only in languages of the Malay-Polynesian family. They are not found in English and other languages of the Indo-European family. Merged pronouns (I was the one that have named them as such) are a combination of two pronouns belonging to different cases and different persons. Such pronouns are so merged that they sometimes no longer leave much of a clue for one to retrace them. Consider the Tagalog word "kita". This is a good example of a merged pronoun. In fact, I can not think of another pronoun like this in the Tagalog language. It's apparently, the only one. When you say "Nakita kita kahapon.", you have in "kita" both "ako" ( I ) and "ikaw" (you). It is like, "Nakita ko ikaw kahapon." Simply stated, "kita" is a combination of "ako and ikaw" ( I-you). They are so merged together that the original words that formed it are lost both in sound and in spelling. In Kapampangan, there are lots of merged pronouns. The equivalent of the Tagalog "kita", for instance. It is "daka" - a combination of "aku" and "ika" (aku-ika) (I-you, in English). So that, " Ikit daka napun." actually is the proper way to say the wrong but nevertheless understood "Ikit aku ika napun." As one would see, a merged pronoun is a combination of a pronoun in the nominative case (the subject) and a pronoun in the objective case (the object). In the merged pronoun "'daka", we note that "aku" which became the syllable "da" is in the nominative case, and "ika" which became the syllable "ka" is in the objective case. However, it is not just the case of a pronoun that is involved when it comes to mergers. Person (first, second, third) and number (singular, plural) are also involved. As such, the mastery of merged pronouns holds the key towards learning the language with ease. On page 225 in the dictionary, I wrote: A unique feature in Kapampangan is its merged pronouns which are non-existent in English. (Just as gender is, on the other hand, also non-existent in Kapampangan personal pronouns - something very convenient for us since we don't have to please the women's lib groups by writing the disturbing and obnoxious "he or she", "her or him" thing.) A merged pronoun is placed between a transitive verb and its object, or the antecedent of that object. It is a combination of two pronouns, one of which is in the nominative case, and the other one in the objective case, and the two of which are in different persons. Example: the merged pronoun "daka". Its "da" is singular, first person, nominative, and its "ka" is singular, second person, objective. It is bad grammar to say, " Aku kaluguran ika." ( I love you.) It should be "Kaluguran daka." Similarly, it is wrong to say, "Sopan ika ya." (Help him/her.) Instead it should be "Sopan me." The same rule applies when there is a noun serving as an antecedent. Example: "Sopan me i Eileen." (You help Eileen." Like "daka", "me" is a merged pronoun. Its roots are the pronouns "mu" and "ya". Another thing to remember is that a merged pronoun can be split by a modifier. Example: "Ikit da na ka." ( I have already seen you.) Here are some other merged pronouns: First person - Second person: (s = singular, pl = plural) daka I - you (s) dako ir dakayu I - you (pl) daka we - you dako or dakayu we - you First person - Third person" ke I - him/her/it ko or kula I - them 1. te we - him/her/it 2. miya we - him/her/it 3. taya we - him/her/it 1. to we - them (includes the one spoken to) 2. mila we - them (does not include the one spoken to) 3. tala we - them (includes the ones spoken to) Second person - First person: muku you - me mukami or muke you - us yuku you (pl) - me yukami of yuke you (pl) - us Second person - Third person: me you - him/her/it mo or mula you - them ye you (pl) - him/her/it yo or yula you (pl) - them Third person - First person naku he/she/it - me 1. nakata he/she/it - us 2. nakami or nake he/she/it - us 3. nakatamu he/she/it - us daku they - me 1. dakata they - us 2. dakami or dake they - us 3. dakatamu they - us Third person - Second person: naka he/she/it - you nakayu he/she/it - you (pl) daka they - you dako or dakayu they - you (pl) Third person - Third person ne he/she/it - him/her/it no or nala he/she/it - them de they - him/her/it do or dala they - them To a foreign student or a beginner, this may seem difficult. It is still easier though than most languages, including English. |
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