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epistle
language
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| Pampanga |
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| Chris wrote: I'm still having trouble understanding this. So would you say that ITI and INI are both at the same distance, but they refer to different things? Let me try explaining it again. First of all it really does not matter where the addressee (2nd person, spoken to) is. He can either be near, or far from the speaker. It is just the distance between the speaker and the object that matters, when using either "ini" or "iti". The same way way, with their plural forms "deni" and "deti". "Yan" and "Ita" are different. But they have a similarity in that the object referred to is always away from the speaker. In "yan", the object is near the addressee. In "ita", the object is away from both. Their plural forms are "den" and "deta", and are of course used in the same way as the singular forms. Going back to the synonyms "ini" and "iti" which are kind of problematic to learners, well, let me explain. The antecedent of "ini" should always be a concrete noun. It can always be pointed at by the finger, being so near. In the case of "iti", its antecedent could either be a concrete noun or an abstract one (more often, the latter). If it is a concrete noun, it is usually the name of a place where both the speaker and the addresee are at, a big place that is, and there is no need at all to point at it with the finger. If referring to a person or thing, usually it is one that is spoken of in a conversation, and so, being something mental in nature, can not be pointed at by the finger either. And like I already said, "iti" is used mostly on something intangible or abstract. Examples: Use "ini": 1. when pointing at a tree that is near you 2 when pointing to a house or car that is near (and you are outside) 3.when referring to what you are holding such as a book, a pencil, a table, a toy, a dress, a glass of milk, etc. 4.when talking about a person or animal that is actually near you Use "iti": 1. when referring to the house where you and the addressee are in, or a car where the two of you are in, or any place such as a market, a restaurant, a gym or a farm where the two of you are at. 2. when referring to whatever you are both talking about which is not around, e.g. a movie, a book, a whale, a famous person, etc. (So, you say in Atin Cu Pung Singsing, "Amana ke iti." - because you are just talking about something that is not around. But if you're talking about the ring in your finger, you'd say, "Amana ke ini." ) 3. whenever you're referring to a subject or something that is abstract, e.g., religion, agriculture, beauty, intelligence, gossip, hatred, friendship, etc. |
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