The subject of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) is more popular today than it has ever been; its mounting interest to the general public has paralleled its increasing maturity and complexity. Sceptics were predicting in the 1950s that flying saucers were just a fad that would quickly pass. Now, in the closing years of the twentieth century, that has become an incredible mark, some would say stain, on world culture. UFOs are no longer a fringe interest, locked outside the mainstream of society and associated with cranks. The phenomenon is now on the inside, woven into the fabric of day-to-day life. It has been a silent, subtle invasion.
What is a UFO?
This is an unidentified flying object (UFO), any object or light, reportedly sighted in the the sky, that cannot be immediately explained or readily identified by the observer. Sightings of unusual aerial phenomena date back to ancient times, but UFOs (sometimes referred to as flying saucers, OVNIs,, Ghost Rockets, Foo Fighters, Flying Airships, Pearls, or LITS) became widely discussed. Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.
At least 92% of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects, although time consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification. The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars, aircraft, birds, balloons, kites, flares, peculiar clouds, meteors and satellites. The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting, hoaxes, or delusions, although to disprove all claims made about UFOs is impossible.
From 1947 to 1969 the U.S. Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security. A total of 12,618 reports was received, of which 701 reports, or 5.6 percent, were listed as unexplained. The Air Force concluded that no UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.
Since 1969 no agency of the U.S. government has had any active program of UFO investigation. Some, nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft, even though no scientifically valid evidence supports this belief. The possibility of extraterrestrial civilisations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewhere in the universe. Scientific method requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out. UFO enthusiasts persist, however, and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs. When a UFO becomes readily identifiable, hence becoming an (Identified Flying Object). These are simply referred to as IFOs. In some cases there has been reports of UFO seen lifting from the sea and even those seen travelling under water. These type of encounters are known as (Unidentified Submersible Objects) and are simply referred to as USOs.
A Case Study : UFO
On the 21st of April 1991, just after 9.00 pm, an Alitalia MD-80 jet carrying 57 passengers from Milan to London Heathrow was crossing the Kent coast near Lydd. Suddenly Captain Achille Zaghetti spotted a cigar-shaped object above and ahead of him. It flashed past them on a dangerously close path. The object was unlike anything he had seen before, but from its lozenge shape and great speed he feared it might be a missile.
At Heathrow, radar was tracking the aircraft through 22,000 feet on its steady descent. Now they picked up an unidentified object on screen just as the captain reported the frightening incident. The UFO was about ten miles behind the jet and disappearing fast. They had no idea what it was. This particular case was effectively hushed up by both the Ministry Of Defence (MOD) and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as they started enquires, although Zaghetti submitted an official report.
He then chose to talk about it back in Italy and the British authorities were forced, perhaps reluctantly, to go public about their investigations. The CAA confirmed that extensive enquires have failed to indicate what the sighting may have been. They had ruled out all possibility that it was a rogue missile from a range on the Kent coast. These could not reach the height of the this object. The MOD were equally explicit. They said: What happened was a mystery. It was yet another UFO.
A Case Study ? : IFO
On the 4th of January 1996, Mr. Peterson reported a UFO sighting. The sighting took place at 10.25 pm. Mr. Peterson witnessed this from his lounge window. He claimed the object was blue in colour and shot across the sky at high speed. The sighting only lasted for two seconds. Investigators soon found a rational explanation. From the 1st to the 6th of January each year, a meteor shower can be seen. The shower is known as the Quadrantids and the maximum fall usually takes place on the 4th of January. Astronomers have counted up to 100 meteors in one hour. Also these meteors are made up of certain material and gases that burn blue on atmospheric entry. Therefore it was concluded that this UFO was a misidentified meteor. An (Astronomical IFO).
A Case Study ? : USO
On the 14th of March 1990, Mr. Gates, a fisherman from Liverpool was stood by the river Mersey with his two sons, Alex and Peter. All claimed to have witnessed a brightly lit object under the water, about 800 metres away. The object moved slowly to the left and then stopped. A few seconds later the object shot away from them at high speed. They then claimed that the object was seen in the distance lifting from the water and flying up into the low cloud cover. The incident took place at 8.45 pm. The local airport at Speak claimed to have received many UFO reports that evening, yet no strange radar detection's occurred.
To date there has been no satisfactory explanation from any military officialdoms and the Ministry of Defence stated this report and others in the area have been logged, however, we do not believe nor disbelieve in the UFO phenomena. We here at the MOD are only interested in National Security, and there was like all other reports of UFOs, no National Security risk. The case was closed with the conclusion of USO, (Unidentified Submersible Object). USO cases are very rare, so therefore it is not a necessity to have a USO encounter range. Most experiences are categorised under the UFO encounter range, be them in close proximity or distant.
UFO Classifications.
Close Encounter Range : UFO Stimulus within 150 yards or closer.
CE1 : Close encounter of the first kind:
This is a close approach of an object giving some time for pertinent observations and possibly giving some interactive experience between the event stimulus and the witness.
CE2 : Close encounter of the second kind:
These are those encounters which leave permanent or semi-permanent physical traces (which can be subject to investigation) such as ground markings, burns or radiation traces.
CE3 : Close encounter of the third kind:
This is generally accepted to be simply those cases where non-human entities are witnessed in association with the events stimulus.
CE4-1 : Close encounter of the fourth kind : Catergory One.
These are events which are generally called abductions, but which more specifically crates severe reality distortion for the witness such as memory lapse, physiological effects, paralysis, time and space disorientation and post abduction trauma, such as inexpressible fear, anxiety and vexation.
CE4-2 : Close encounter of the fourth kind : Catergory Two.
These are events that use to be categorised as an abduction, however we believe that not all witnesses are taken forcefully against their will, thus not really being abducted. These types of experiences are those where a witnesses may voluntary assist or follow an entity to an awaiting craft of some sort, or those cases when witnesses claim to have communicated, (usually be forms of telepathy). These are those case that are simply forms of communication or interaction.
CE5 : Close encounter of the fifth kind:
These events consist of none physical means of communication with the UFO or UFO entities, using sound, high powered lights etc. There has been considerable documentation with varying degrees of success.
CE6 : Close encounter of the sixth kind:
These are those encounters which have resulted in the death of animals or even humans. For example, a witness reports a large disc shaped UFO over a field of cattle. Suddenly there is a bright flash of light and the UFO quickly speeds out of sight. As the witness walks nearer to the location, he or she find a mutilated cow.
Distant Encounter Range : UFO Stimulus Over 150 yards away.
DE1 : Distant encounter of the first kind:
These encounters are when there are low definition cases with no definitive shape or effects. These are often called LITS (Lights In The Sky) and are probably the most difficult types of UFO reports to investigate as they could be almost anything.
DE2 : Distant encounter of the second kind:
These encounters are medium definition cases, where clear shapes are witnessed.
DE3 : Distant encounter of the third kind:
These cases are simply those what are instrumentally detected such as, radar or photographic evidence etc.
Public Relations.
If you are fortunate enough to live in an area where most people accept that there is a need for the investigation of UFOs, you will not find it difficult to secure the co-operation of witnesses. However, in many places there is still ignorance of the widespread nature of the UFO problem and many witnesses are undetected because of poor local publicity.
Only a minority of cases are reported to organisations, which means that the majority are not known of. If you, as an investigator can become known locally, then when a sighting occurs the witness will know where to report it. Reports are only sent to local and national press by those witnesses who are initially not afraid of public discussion. You should aim to be an efficient, systematic and sympathetic investigator.
Being Sympathetic cann help to create the best image for UFO research and encouraging the reporting of more sightings, which would otherwise not be made known. You should show that you are a sincere, honest and unbiased person, genuinely concerned to find out the truth about the sighting. Always carry with you your authorisation card and some general literature which will prove that you represent a responsible organisation.
If you can establish contact with local newspaper reporters, police, personnel in broadcasting, airports, observatories and science departments in colleges and universities near-by, you will be able to ask for their assistance when necessary and they will be more willing to refer to your sightings reported to them. Owing to lack of time or information they may be unable to deal with some sightings.
The authorities may, in fact, be pleased to pass on to you some of the pressure which can occur when a number of sightings are reported in a given area. They will be more inclined to do this if you do not too readily issue the verdict Flying Saucer and if you remind people that only a small percentage of each years sightings involve objects not easily identified as satellites, aircraft or planets. Personal approaches, wherever possible, are often more productive if you adopt this scientific attitude.
Psychic Ramifications.
In order to encompass the full range of phenomena one finds in modern literature, it is important to acknowledge that UFOs are related in significant ways to other anomalies. It is the rule, rather than the exception, to find significant UFO sightings preceded or followed by other strange experiences, notably of the haunting or poltergeist variety. For that reason, it has been found useful to have a classification of anomalous phenomena. This range is only used when the experiences are UFO related.
The Anomalous Encounter Range:
AE1 : Anomalous encounter of the first kind:
These are anomalies that do not have lasting physical effects, such as, amorphous lights or unexplained explosions.
AE2 : Anomalous encounter of the second kind:
These are anomalies with lasting physical effects, such as poltergeist phenomena, apports, asports (materialised objects) and areas of flattened or burnt grass.
AE3 : Anomalous encounter of the third kind:
These are anomalies which are associated with UFO entities and reports of apparitions, manifestations, and other strange creatures such as gentry and forms of cryptozoology.
AE4 : Anomalous encounter of the fourth kind:
These are reports of people who claim to have had a personal interaction with UFO entities, and also includes Near Death Experiences (NDEs), religious miracles and visions, Out of Body Experiences (OBEs), and Altered States of Consciousness (ASCs).
AE5 : Anomalous encounter of the fifth kind:
These are cases of anomalous injuries or death, such as Spontaneous Human Combustion (SHC) or unexplained wounds of Stigmata (Self Induced Physical Marking). Also cases of permanent healing often described in literature of the paranormal. The unexplained beating of people may be related to poltergeist activity, therefore a careful analysis must take place.
AE6 : Anomalous encounter of the sixth kind:
These cases are concerning strange disappearance's or appearances of people, in association with UFO experiences. Also missing time, or time slip experiences. Remember all these type of anomalous encounters include UFO experiences and a relationship with paranormalities.
Unexplained Atmospheric Phenomena : UAP
Some reports of UFOs are concluded as forms of ball lightning etc. These are simply called UAP, because science still does not properly know how ball lightning is generated and constructed, therefore remaining unexplained. UAPs will be covered more in depth, further on in the course.
Rare Atmospheric Phenomena : RAP
These are simply those cases of Nacreous Cloud formations. Science knows that these clouds are made up of ice crystals at very high altitude, however, they are not often seen. Maybe visible once in a hundred years therefore making them a rare sight. RAPs will be covered more in depth, further on in the course.
General Information.
Officialdoms such as the United States Air Force have concluded that:-
1. No UFO has ever given any indication of threat to national security.
2. There is no evidence that UFOs represent technological developments or principles beyond present-day scientific knowledge.
3. There is no evidence that any UFOs are extraterrestrial vehicles.
Many investigators of UFO reports (UFOlogists) believe that the United States Air Force was not telling all that they knew. The conspiracy side of UFOlogy and the abduction / interaction cases will be covered in the next module.
Seven Basic Rules.
1.Duration of Sighting:
When the duration of a sighting is less than 15 seconds, the probabilities are great that it is not usually worthy of follow up. However, some investigations have been followed up and found to be worthy. If unsure, always consult your director of investigations etc. Also, should a large number of individual observers concur on an unusual sighting of a few seconds duration, it should not be dismissed.
When a sighting has taken place for just a few seconds, the incident, when followed up in the past, has almost always proved to be a meteor, bolide or a gross misidentification of a common object owing to lack of time in which to observe, and occasionally misidentified due to the witnesses having some form of impaired vision.
2. Number of Persons Reporting the Sighting:
Short duration sightings by single individuals are seldom worthy of follow up. Two or three competent independent observations carry the weight of ten or more simultaneous individual observations. As an example, 25 people at one spot may observe a strange light in the sky. This however, has less weight than two reliable people observing the same light from different locations. In the latter case a position fix is indicated.
3. Distance from Location of Sighting to Nearest Field Unit.
Reports which meet the preliminary criterion stated in rule one and two should all be investigated if their occurrence is in the immediate operating vicinity of the squadron concerned. For reports involving greater distances, follow up necessity might be judged as being inversely proportional to the square of the distances concerned.
For example : An occurrence 150 miles away might be considered to have four times the importance (other things being equal) than one that is 300 miles away.
4. Reliability of Person or Persons Reporting.
In establishing the necessity of follow up investigations only short term reliability of individuals can be employed. Short term reliability is judged from the logic and coherency of the original report and by the age and occupation of the person. Particular attention should be given to whether the occupation involves observation reporting or technical knowledge.
5. Number of Individual Sightings reported.
Two completely individual sightings, especially when separated by a mile or more, constitutes sufficient cause for follow up, assuming previous criterion have not been violated.
6. The Value of Obtaining Additional Information Immediately.
If the information cannot be obtained within seven days, the value of such information is greatly decreased. It is of great value to obtain additional information immediately if previously stated criteria have been met.
Often, if gathered quickly, two or three items (weather conditions, angular speed, changes in trajectory, duration, etc) are sufficient for immediate evaluation. If investigation is undertaken after weeks or months, the original observers cease to be of value as far as additional new information is concerned. Generally, late interviews yields only bare repetition of facts originally reported plus an inability on the part of the observer to be objective.
7. Existence of Physical Evidence (Photographs, Material, Hardware etc).
In cases where any physical evidence exists, a follow up should be made even if some of the above criteria have not been met. It is understood that all above criteria must be evaluated in terms of common sense. The original report, from its wording and clarity, will almost always suggest to the reader whether there is any dirt in the report.
Priority.
The first steps after you receive a report is to determine its potential importance. There is a simple scoring system, however, this does require experience. If you adopt this method it will assist you. Over a period of time you will soon realise very quickly a priority system and will not have to refer to the priority score sheet. Remember not to get mixed up between the UFO priority sheet and the Paranormal priority sheet.
Notes.
There are strange cases of noises, often described as humming, buzzing or droning in association with the UFO phenomena, however UFO are not always witnessed. Most reports were in the 1970s and the MOD (Ministry Of Defence) conducted an investigation due to public demand. The conclusion was unknown. Over the years, this phenomena has been given the name Hummadruzz and often seems to emanate from the sky. Also there are those who think Crop Circles are made by UFOs, however we at MAPIT have never come across enough evidence to support such a theory. There are those encounters that burn, flatten, or damage areas of grass etc, however, one must not link this to the Crop Circle phenomena so easily. Crop Circles will be discussed later in the course.
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