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language
Lesson2Lesson3Lesson4Lesson5Lesson6Lesson7Lesson8Lesson9Lesson10Lesson11Lesson12introverbsconjugation|
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| KAPAMPANGAN IN 12 EASY LESSONS |
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| BY ERNIE C. TURLA , Kapampangan lexicographer and grammarian, English teacher |
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| ACTION WORDS There are two kinds of verbs in English: the transitive (v.t.) and the intransitive (v.i.). A transitive verb is one that needs an object to get its thought completed. An intransitive verb, on the other hand, is one that doesn't need an object. Kapampangan also has got transitive and intransitive verbs. In Kapampangan, the transitive verb also needs an object to get its thought completed. However, the intransitive verb may or may not have an object. Let's compare the two by giving examples and using them in sentences. ausan (v.t.) - to call 1. Ausan que. (I'll call him / her.) The simple predicate is "ausan". The simple subject is "que". Whom are you to call? Answer: "que" (him). So, "que" is also the object at the same time, besides being the subject. Therefore, since "ausan" needs an object, it is a transitive verb. 2. Ausan taya y Jose. (Let's call Jose.) Here, even the antecedent is given. The simple predicate is "ausan". The simple subject is "taya". Whom are we to call? Answer: Jose. So, "Jose" is the object of the verb "ausan". Therefore, "ausan" is a transitive verb all right. maus (v.i.) - to call 1. Maus ca. (You call.) The simple predicate is "maus". The simple subject is "ca". It has no object, and yet it expresses a complete thought. Therefore, "maus" is an intransitive verb. 2. Maus ca canacu. (You call me. Or, You make a call to me.) The simple predicate is "maus". The simple subject is "ca". Who are you going to make a call to? Answer: "canacu" (to me). So, "canacu" is the object of the verb "maus". And yet, "maus" is considered an intransitive verb. (We'll explain later, why.) muli (v.i.) - to go home 1. Muli cu bucas. (I will go home tomorrow.) The simple predicate is "muli". The simple subject is "cu". The verb, "muli" has no object. It is intransitive. In fact, unlike "maus", it can never have an object. In Kapampangan, a transitive verb is always followed by a pronoun in the nominative case which serves as its simple subject e.g., cu, ca, ya, cata, cayu, tamu, cami and la. Ex.: the verb "munta" (to go) Munta cu Menila. I am going to Manila. Munta ca Menila? Are you going to Manila? Munta ya Menila. He / She is going to Manila. Munta cata Menila. We (You and I) are going to Manila. Munta cayu Menila? Are you (you and them) going to Manila? Munta tamu Menila. We (He, you and I) are going to Manila. Munta cami Menila. We (They and I) are going to Manila. Munta la Menila. They are going to Manila. Sometimes, an adverb such as "na" may be inserted between the verb it modifies and the pronoun. Ex.: Munta na cu Menila. (I'm now going to Manila.) Munta na ca Menila? (Are you now going to Manila?) Transitive verbs in Kapampangan are always followed by merged pronouns which serve both as subject and object - a unique aspect or peculiarity in Kapampangan which English grammarians are unaware of on account of its absence in their language. (Even Tagalog has got only one merged pronoun and it is "kita", where "ako" and "ikaw" are merged to form one word.) A merged pronoun is a compound word in which a pronoun in the nominative case is combined with a pronoun in the objective case to form one word. Ex.: "que" which is a combination of the words "cu" and "ya". "Iquit que napun" is "Iquit cu ya napun". "Que" in this sentence is both the subject and the predicate of "iquit". Literally and word-for-word translated into English, it would be "Saw I-him yesterday." Here, one would see the difference in structure between the two languages that belong to different language families. To repeat, intransitive verbs are generally followed by pronouns in the nominative case which are cu, ca, ya, cata, cayu, tamu, cami and la. On the other hand, transitive verbs (verbs that need objects) are generally followed by merged pronouns e.g., daca, que, mucu, nacu, ne, de, dala, dacayu, cula, to, tala, ta, me, mu, yu, mo, yo, nacami, mucami, nacatamu, dacatamu, mula, yula, miya, mila etc. They can also be followed by pronouns in the objective case such as "cu" or "mu", etc. Actually, these pronouns are treated as "merged pronouns" also. For instance, if you say,"Pengan cu ing pansit nandin", "cu" is both the subject and the predicate, making it a "merged pronoun" with "pansit" as the antecedent of its objective part. Even when you just say, "Pengan cu", "cu" is still regarded here as a merged pronoun whose objective part is just "understood". ("Pengan" is a transitive verb, by the way.) Now, if you on the other hand say, "Mengan cung pansit nandin", "cu" is the subject and is a pronoun in the nominative case. ("Mengan" is an intransitive verb.) Another set of examples: "Tumagun cu queng biniag." (I will attend the baptism.) "Cu" is a pronoun in the nominative case and is the subject. "Tumagun" is an intransitive verb. "Tagunan cu ing biniag." (I will attend the baptism.) "Cu" is either is both a pronoun in the objective case and merged pronoun as well. "Tagunan" is a transitive verb. Even if you just say, "Tagunan cu", "cu" would actually mean "I-(understood)it", making it a merged pronoun used as both subject and ogject. As you can see, "cu" is either in the nominative or objective case, depending upon how it is used. Now, let's go back to what we have earlier been discussing, which is about verbs that have the same meaning and root word but are used differently. We have to draw a line between them since it is quite easy to confuse the two. They so look and sound alike that one may mistake one for the other, or use each improperly. To illustrate this, let's take "cuma" and "cuanan" as examples. Both mean "to get, or, "to take". But "cuma" is intransitve while "cuanan" is transitive. Try using "cuma" with the pronouns in the nominative case given above. Then try using "cuanan" with the merged pronouns that are also given above separately. The point we're trying to make here is that you can say "Cuma ca" but you can not say "Cuanan ca." You can say "Cuanan que", but can not say "Cuma que." However, you can say "Cuma queng danum", because "que" here is in the objective case, with "danum" as the partial antecedent of "que" (partial, because "que" is a combination of "I" and "it"). (Note: In Tagalog, "ng" is a word in itself, but in Kapampangan it is just a suffix as can be seen in "Cuma que ng danum" which should be "Cuma queng danum.") Let's have another set of examples, actually, the ones we already discussed above, to make this comparison even clearer. Let's take "maus" (v.i.) and "ausan" (v.t.) as examples again. The dictionary says that they both mean "to call". Let's use them: 1. Maus cu queca bucas. In this sentence, "cu" is the subject and is in the nominative case. "Queca" is the object of "maus" and is a merged pronoun. 2. Ausan daca bucas. In this sentence, "daca" is the subject-object and is a merged pronoun. Translated into English, we get, "I'll be calling you tomorrow." As can be seen by these examples, despite the fact that both "maus" and "ausan" have objects, the former is regarded as an intransitive verb, while the latter is regarded as transitive. Conclusion: The subject and the object of the verb is the one that really determine whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. If the verb is followed by a merged pronoun, or by a pronoun in the objective case, it is a transitive verb. If it is followed by a pronoun in the nominative case such as: cu, ca, ya, cata, cayu, tamu, cami and la, it is an intransitive verb. A lot of attention should be given to this, since it will determine how well you are able to express yourself correctly in this language. Pay attention to the kind of verb you use and try to memorize these so-called merged pronouns. Many intransitive verbs are similar to transitive verbs that are in the passive voice. Likewise, many intransitive verbs have transitive counterparts. The following is a list of intransitive verbs together with their meanings. Some are followed by their corresponding transitive counterparts and these are enclosed in parentheses. Some of these are just based on the root words. Try using both verbs correctly in sentences. quimut - to move (quimutan) mangisnawa - to breathe (pangisnawan) muli - to go home (ulian) munta - to go to (puntan) lumacad - to walk maglacad - to take a stroll mamulai - to run lumawe - to look (lon, lawen) matudtud - to sleep miguising - to wake up (guisingan) magquera - to lie down ticdo, talacad - to stand up lucluc - to sit down tipa - to go down the stairs manic - to go up the stairs quiac - to cry (quiacan) maili - to laugh (cailian) tumiman - to smile mamialung - to play (paquialungan) sitsit - to whisper (sitsitan) sumabi - to speak (sabian) gulasyo, gulisac - to shout, to yell (gulisacan) maus - to call (ausan) mamalis - to sweep (palisan) manget - to bite (quetan) curap - to blink - ref. to the eyes quindat - to wink (quindatan) tupad - to oblige, to obey (tuparan) quilala -to recognize or acknowledge (quilalanan) terac - to dance (terac) magcanta - to sing (icanta) tiririn - to hum (tiririn) salangi - to come to a house or drop by mampit - " " " " " " " cumagli - to conceive tanggap - to receive (tanggapan) magsamantala - to take advantage (samantalan) magturaidul - to betray (pagturaidulan) magtacsil - to betray (pagtacsilan) mamirait - to chat (pamiraitnan) lundag, lucsu - to jump (lundagan) dumurut - to rotate (durutan) licu, salingcu - to make a turn marap - to face (arapan) gumulut - to turn one's back (gulutan) gumamit - to use (gamitan) sagana - to meet (saganan) magsadia - to get ready or prepare (pagsadian magbalic - to return, to come back (balican) mag-maneu - to drive (a vehicle) (manewan) magcanuari - to pretend magluat, lumuat - to last long (paluatan) mangiling - to abstain from eating a certain food manaplit - to hurry (aplitan) mamaligua - to hurry (pamaliguanan) mamalicsi - to hurry (pamalicsian) mamasla - to squeeze (paslan) mamalbas - to shave mandilu - to take a bath or shower (diluan) maglinis - to do some cleaning (linisan) magaral - to study, to go to school (pagaralan) simba - to go to church maglutu - to cook (ilutu) magobra - to work (pagobran) cawe - to swim sungab - to swim downward (sungaban) malumud - to drown (ilumud) gumapang - to crawl (gapangan) lumaban - to fight against (labanan) sali - to buy (sali - accent in second syl.) mamisali - to sell (pisali) mimua - to become angry (pamuan) magsapad - to lie on one's belly (pasaparan) magtalindiquing - to lie on one's side, or be on profile magsaquinda, magtalindata - to lie on one's back siclod - to kneel (also to kiss hand) (sicloran) suclab - to pass underneath (something)(suclaban) sumaup - to give help (saupan) pa-ulu - to get medical treatment (uluan) magsambitin - to hang on to (something) magduyan - to swing saque - to get aboard, to get on maninap - to dream (paninapan) sipsip - to suck (sipsipan) manalili - to change, to make changes (alilan) tanggui - to refuse (tangguian) tumagun - to attend (tagunan) tangu - to nod in agreement (tanguanan) talete - to walk along something (taleten) malacpac - to clap as when applauding (palacpacan) quilala - to recognize, to acknowledge (quilalanan) misip - to think (isipan) manalbe - to watch (alben) miblas - to dress up (piblasan) manos - to wash (wasan) manimpan - to wash the dishes (simpanan) sumulung- to go on; to move forward matras - to go backwards (atrasan) magbuerta - to turn around and go manaco - to steal (panacawan) maniambut (or sumambut) - to win (sambutan) masambut - to lose in a game of chance gumana - to work or function (paganan) tumacas - to escape (tacasan) manasaquit - to get hurt (panasaquitan) manangis - to weep (panangisan) mamirayit - to cheat (pamiraitnan) mangalalu - to be jealous (pangalaluan) mariria - to be envious (caririan) macamate - to kill (paten) mate - to die (paten) mie - to live (pabiayan) mie - to give (dinan) malacac - to snore mamola - to tell a joke (bolahan) mamaltuc - to mak popping sounds galiguit - to gnash (galiguitan) sulapo - to fly (pasulapawan) mablas - to reciprocate; to respond with the same thing (ablasan) muquiat - to climb (uquiatan) magmanene - to slow down maniwala - to believe (paniwalan) mangalinguan - to forget (calinguan) manandam - to borrow (andamanan) mamaram - to lend (paraman) tucnang - 1. to stop 2. to reside / (tucnangan) tuclu - to stand on (tucluan) datang - to come miras - to arrive maco - to leave (lacuan) cuma - to get (cuanan) magdala - to carry (dalan) mag-dimitir - to resign magpalat - to play hookey magpaticut - " " " mamasa - to read (basan) sumulat - to write (sulatan, sulatanan) mangutang - to ask (cutnan) manutang - to buy on credit (utangan) mamayad - to pay (bayaran) manarquila - to rent (arquilan) magbiling - to roll over to one side dumulang - to roll sunlag - to shine (paslag) matda - to get turned off or put out (patdan) matdas - to burst, to pop (atdasan) malaso - to melt (lasawan) lumbug - to sink (palbug) gumato - to float magus - to flow mamagse = to row, to paddle (bagsen) manabu - to fall; to drop (inabu) mabaldug - " " " " (ibaldug) mitomba - to fall down (itomba) mibagsac - to drop or fall down hard (ibagsac) maspac - to get cracked (aspacan) mangaplas - to smart saingsing - to moan siguc - to hiccup; to sob painawa - to rest paurud - to get a haircut (ururan) salicut - to hide (salicutan) manintun - to look for (panintunan) manintunan - to work for a livelihood mamintu - to obey (pamintuan) gumalang - to respect (galangan) mabut - to reach (abutan) tiltil - to dip (tiltilan) sumaca - to get out of the water talbug - to soak into the water such as one's feet maglayag - to go on an adventure; travel far magtinda - to mind a store (itinda) maniali - to shop around (saliwan) manatindi - to act with consideration (intindian) lunto - to appear (palto) lumabas - to pass by (labasan) mipasar - to pass (such as a test) lunsut - to go through or penetrate manaya - to wait (panayan) lumigo - to fish mamaduas - to fish with a fishrod sumpa - to take an oath mangacu - to make a promise (pangacuanan) balu - know abalu - to get to know (pabalu) mamacbung - to explode (pacbungan) mangumbira - to invite (cumbiran) mipamulala - to get surprised (pagmulalan) magumasid - to observe (pagumasdan) mabigla - to get shocked (biglan) malasac - to get wrecked (lasacan) malagpac - " " " (lagpacan) mamuysit - to joke (buysitan) mamiru - to joke (biruan) mabaligo - to get distracted malingo - to get confused masilo - to get dazzled salta - to bounce mangilabut - to get awed and have goose bumps mangomusta - to greet with "how are you?"(comustan) tumutul - to object magreclamu - to complain cumurul - to withdraw from a previous plan manuyab - to yawn maningab - to belch mabacnal - to get choked (when eating) misanipan - to get choked (when drinking) mangucu - to cough manatsing - to sneeze mamaril - to shoot (barilan) mangalucut - to get crumpled (paglucutan) mabusbus - to get pierced and have a hole (busbusan) mapingas - to get chipped (pingasan) mangalasi - to get shattered into bits dacap - to catch (dacpan) dapat - to do (daptan) matut - to fart (atutan) manguscus - to do cleaning with a rug (cuscusan) mangilag - to avoid (pangilagan) mipawas - to perspire galgal - to tremble mapacli - to get broken into two (paclian) mapatad - to get cut into two (pataran) maputut - " " " " " (pututan) misalbag - to get sowed or scattered (isalbag) miligtas - to get freed or rescued (iligtas) manimu - to wash the face and hands (imuan) magluglug - to wash up (luglugan) malug - to wade mamalicsi - to hurry (pamalicsian) maquiabe - to join (paquiabayan) mantabe - to guide (antabayanan) ngisngis - to make faces (ngisngisan) sumusu - to suckle (susuan) tumali - to get up from an inclined position magnasa - to expect (pagnasan) imi - to urinate (imian) talan - to hold or to touch (talnan) lumusub - to charge or break into (lusuban) maninbentu - to invent (inbentuan) gawa - to make (gawan) mie - to give (bie) lugud (accent on first syl.) - to love (luguran) manandaman - to get hurt in feeling (panandaman) manalangin - to pray fervently (panalangin) magpacumbaba - to act with humility mamatawad - to give forgiveness (patawaran) mangadi - to pray (pangadian) |
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