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| KAPAMPANGAN IN 12 EASY LESSONS |
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| By Ernesto C. Turla, English instructor |
LESSON 12
KAPAMPANGAN GRAMMAR
Personal Pronouns
A unique feature in Kapampangan is its merged pronouns which are non-existent in English. A merged pronoun is used between a transitive verb and its object or the antecedent of that object, and is a combination of pronouns, one of which is in the nominative case, and the other one in the objective case, and both in different persons and forming only one word. Example: the merged pronoun “daca” which is a combination of the pronouns “da” and “ca”. “Da” is in the nominative case and in the first person, and “ca” is objective, second person. When the object of a verb is a pronoun (in this case, “ca”), “da” is used instead of “acu”. Thus, it is bad grammar to say “Acu caluguran ica.” It should be “Caluguran daca.” (I love you.) Similarly, it is wrong to say “Saupan ica ya.” It should be “Saupan me.” (You help him.) The same rule applies when there is an antecedent. Example: “Saupan me y Eileen.” (You help Eileen.) Another thing to remember is that a merged pronoun can be split by a modifier. Ex.: “Iquit da na ca.” (I have already seen you.)
Now, here is something English speakers should take note. Personal pronouns in Kapampangan, unlike in English, do not have gender. This makes it easier for the learner in that he or she does not have to remember whether the one he or she is talking about is masculine, feminine or neuter and thus not get subjected to the use of the bothersome “he or she” expression. This should appease the minds of femininists. He, she and it , for example, are all represented by the word “ya”. So when you say, “Meco ya”, it could mean “He left”, “She left” or “It left”. Similarly, a sentence with a merged pronoun such as “Iquit que” could mean “I saw him”, “I saw her” or "I saw it."
MERGED PRONOUNS
(Nominative-Objective)
First Person - Second Person:
daca I-you
daco or dacayu I-you (pl.)
daca we-you
daco or dacayu we-you (pl.)
First Person - Third Person
que I-him/her/it
co or cula I-them
1.* te we-him/her/it
2.* miya we-him/her/it
3.* taya we-him/her/it
1.* to or tala we-them
2.* mila we-them
3.* tala we-them
Second Person - First Person
mucu you-me
mucami or muque you-us
yucu you(pl)-me
yucami or yuque you(pl)-us
Second Person - Third Person
me you-him/her/it
mula or mo you-them
ye you(pl)-him/her/it
yula or yo you(pl)-them
(
Third Person - First Person
nacu he/she/it-me
1.* nacata he/she/it-us
2.* nacami or naque he/she/it-us
3.* nacatamu he/she/it-us
dacu they-me
1.* dacata they-us
2.* dacami, daque they-us
3.* dacatamu they-us
Third Person - Second Person
naca he/she/it-you
nacayu he/she/it-you(pl)
daca they-you
dacayu they-you(pl)
Third Person - Third Person
ne he/she/it-him/her/it
no nala he/she/it-them
de they-him/her/it
do or dala they-them
*1. includes the person speaking and the one spoken to
*2. includes the person speaking, the one spoken of, but
not the one spoken to
*3. includes the person speaking, the one spoken of and
the one spoken to
To include an antecedent, just place it right after the
merged pronoun. Ex.: Bisitan que. (I will visit him/her/it.)
Bisitan que y Pam. (I will visit Pam.) Bisitan que ing anac
cu. (I will visit my daughter.) Seli cula. (I bought them.)
Seli cula reng camatis. (I bought the tomatoes.) Cuanan me.
(Get it.) Cuanan me ing libru. (Get the book.)
Another thing. Merged pronouns are not always a combination of
two pronouns put together. Sometimes, it is just a single pronoun
which is both in the nominative and objective case. For instance,
if you say, "Cuanan mu" (Get it), "mu" is still regarded as a
merged pronoun in itself. "Mu" would mean "you-it". Or, you can say,
"mu" means "you-(understood)it". You can put an antecedent to it
to convey a clearer picture by saying, "Cuanan mu ing abias." (Get
the rice.)
And since we're on this, let's see if you still remember why the
sentences below are the way they are:
Cuanan mu ing asucal.
Cuanan mu ing aslam.
Cuanan mu ing cape.
Cuanan mu ing arina.
Cuanan mo reng pinggan.
Cuanan mo reng ebun.
Cuanan mo reng libru.
Cuanan me ing campit.
Cuanan me ing sarul gamat.
Exercises: Using the chart above, and the example given in the
first item below, try to translate the rest of the sentences:
Iquit daca. - I saw you.
Iquit que.
Iquit que y Gloria.
Iquit que ing senador.
Iquit que ing senador a malagu.
Iquit que ing senador a malagu napun.
Iquit mucu.
Iquit nacu.
Iquit nacung Gloria.
Iquit ne.
Iquit ne ing libru.
Iquit dala.
Iquit dala reng libru.
Iquit dacayu.
Iquit dacayu nandin.
Iquit cula.
Iquit cula ri Peter at Mary.
Iquit tala.
Iquit tala reng batwin.
Iquit me.
Iquit me ing libro?
Iquit nacami.
Iquit mucami.
Iquit nacatamu.
Iquit mula.
Iquit mo reng asu ampong pusa?
Note: Mastery of merged pronouns can become a key
to learning Kapampangan with ease. It is a good thing
to practice using them often.
Now, you have learned the basics of conversational
Kapampangan. All you need now is practice. There are
several other expressions that are not covered by
these lessons, but they are just of minor importance.
As time goes by, you will get to learn them anyway.
But as of now, all you have to do is to review these
lessons again and again, and I bet that in due time
you will become as fluent as a natural Kapampangan.
Thanks for all the time you've spent in learning
my language. It's been a pleasure teaching you.
For some extra study of Kapampangan, go to
http://maxpages.com/lesson/verbs
It is a list some important verbs.
The instructor is an English and ESL major. A lexicographer and
a grammarian in Kapampangan, he wrote the Classic Kapampangan
Dictionary, and Kapampangan Songs an Poetry - an anthology.
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