CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY PROPAGATION METHODS Generative propagation (seeds) :- Direct seeding Transplantation of precultivated plants Seed beds( bare roots) Polybags Vegetative propagation (cuttings) Direct planting Transplanting of precultivated plants Seed beds ( bare roots ) FACTORS INFLUNCING CROP ESTABLISHMENT OF PLANTS PROPAGATED BY DIFFERENT METHODS:-- Generative propagation (seeds) :- Direct seeding Quality of seeds Seeding depth Date of sowing 2. Transplantation of precultivated plants Type of precultivation Length of precultivation Vegetative propagation (cuttings) Successful precultivation is characterized by High germination rates of seeds High sprouting rates of cuttings High survival rate Basing the propagation method on rainfall conditions plays a decisive role in the survival and properties of the plant in field.Method of cultivation should be chosen on the basis of Maximum survival rates Intended utilization of the plantation 1. For quick establishment of hedges and plantation for erosion control, directly planted cuttings are best. 2. For long-lived plantations for vegetative oil production, plants propagated by seeds are better. 3. With better rainfall conditions, the plantations could also be established by direct seeding. Sowing and germination Germination is fast, under good conditions it is com-plete in 10 days. Germination is epigean (cotyledons emerge above ground). Soon after the first leaves have formed, the cotyledons wither and fall off. In the nursery, seeds can be sown in germination beds or in containers. Although the seedlings grow very fast they should stay in the nursery for 3 months until they are 30-40 cm tall. By then the plants have developed their repellant smell and will not be browsed by animals. Physic nut can be established from nursery seedlings, bare root or containerised, by direct sowing, trans-planting of wildings or planting of cuttings. The choice of propagation method depends on use. Plants propagated by seeds are generally preferred for the establishment of long-lived plantations for oil production. Direct sowing should only be used in areas with high rainfall and the seeds must be sown after the beginning of the rainy season when sufficient rainfall is certain. For quick establishment of hedges and plantations for erosion control, directly planted cuttings are best suited. Cuttings of 30 cm length have been found to have the highest survival rate. Plants propagated by cuttings will normally produce seed within one year of planting and growth is rapid. Nursery raising Nursery provides the necessary control of moisture, light, soil, and predators and allows production of healthy and hardy seedlings. As a matter of fact the soil of nursery site should have a good structure and porosity, well drained and deep sandy loam to clay loam in texture with sufficient water holding capacity, rich in organic matter, near to a permanent/reliable source of water. The width of seedbeds should be so easily adjusted that the nursery operations could be carried out easily without entry in the beds. The length of the beds may be upto 12 meters. NURSERY BE RAISED IN MONTH OF APRIAL/MAY FOR PLANTATION IN JULY/AUGUST SEED SOWING Sowing is a pain stick nursery operation. Its objectives is to obtain, from the best seed available, the maximum number of healthy and sturdy seedlings for transplanting. NOTE-DETAILED NURSERY RAISING TECHNIQUES MAY BE OBTAINED FROM US TRANSPLANTING Satisfactory planting widths are 2 x 2 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, and 3 x 3 m. This is equivalent to crop densities of 2500, 1600 and 1111 plants/ha, respectively. Distance OF 2MX2M BE KEPT FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION Seedlings are susceptible to competition from weeds during their early development. Therefore, weed control, either mechanical or with herbicides, is required during the establishment phase CULTURAL OPERATIONS Irrigation: The seedlings require irrigation especially during the first couple of years of plantation. The requirement of water is contingent up on local soil and climatic conditions. Fertilizing: Around 2 kgs of organic manure along with fertilizers containing N, P and K need to be mixed and applied at the time of transplanting. An admixture of 20 gms of urea, 120 gms of SSP and 16 gms of MoP is to be applied after the establishment of the plant. The plants respond well to addition of small quantities of calcium,magnecium and sulpher. It does well when rich organic nutrition is provided. Mycorrhizal associations have been observed and they are known to aid the plants growth under conditions where phosphorus availability is low. Pruning: Pruning is done during the first year when the branches reach a height of 40 - 60 cms and latter during the second and third years to ensure the tree grows into proper shape and size. Hoeing & Weeding: Hoeing and weeding at least twice is necessary, especially during the establishment period. Pests & Diseases: Jatropha is highly disease-resistant and few insects like beetles, hoppers and leaf miners are supposed attack it.NEEM oil may be applied in march-April. COW URINE CAN ALSO BE SPRAYED.A paste of neem leaves, datura and aak can also be applied. NORMALLY NO DISEASE OR INSECT NOTICED TO BE HARMFUL TO THE PLANT. HARVESTING The flowering in jatropha depends upon the location and agroclimatic conditions. Generally it takes place from August to December in north India. Fruits mature in two to four months At yellow stage, the fruit should be harvested/plucked. Germplasm management Seeds are oily and do not store for long. Seeds older than 15 months show viability below 50%. High levels of viability and low levels of germination shortly after harvest indicate innate (primary) dormancy. YIELDS From 2nd year on wards the average yield in a hectares may range from 0.5 to 10 tons. If we take minimum price @RS. 4/- it may easily give an earning of RS.48000/= WITH ANY EXTRA INVESTMENT. 5-6 KG SEED/ HECTARE, 2500 PLANTS/ HECTARE EXPECTED YIELDS Year after planting Expected yield per ha. Irrigated crop (kg) 1st - 250 2nd - 1000 3rd - 2500 4th - 5000 5th - 8000 6th & onwards - 12000 Processing and handling After collection the fruits are transported in open bags to the processing site. Here they are dried until all the fruits have opened. It has been reported that direct sun has a negative effect on seed viability and that seeds should be dried in the shade. When the seeds are dry they are separated from the fruits and cleaned. Storage and viability The seeds are orthodox and should be dried to low moisture content (5-7%) and stored in air-tight con-tainers. At room temperature the seeds can retain high viability for at least one year. However, because of the high oil content the seeds cannot be expected to store for as long as most orthodox species. Dormancy and pretreatment Freshly harvested seeds show dormancy and after-ripening is necessary before the seeds can germinate. Dry seed will normally germinate readily without pre-treatment. If this is the case, it is not recommended to remove the seedcoat before sowing. Although it speeds up germination there is a risk of getting abnormal seed-lings. {NOTE-COMPLETE AGROTECHNOLOGY MAY BE HAD FROM US} © 2004 Centre for Jatropha Promotion. All Rights Reserved Income Generating Activities: Cultivate Jatropha to produce an income URL:http://www.jatrophaworld.org ECONOMICS JATROPHA CULTIVATION ECONOMY AT A GLANCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INPUTS land: 1 hectre sapling: 2500 seeds: 5-6 kg nursery cost: rs. 10,000 plantation cost: rs. 20,000 labour employment: 263/ 49 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OUTPUTS seeds: 12.5 tons seed oil: 4 tons press cake:- 8 ton glycerol: 300 kg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OIL EXTRACTION plant cost: 70,000 – 5,00,000 1 litre : 3.2 kg seeds extraction cost: rs. 1.9/l cost of oil: rs. 13.5 cost of press cake: rs.3/ seeds required for 1t capacity plant: 1008 tons area reqired for cultivation: 100 hectres -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BIODIESEL PRODUCTION plant cost: 15 lacs plant capacity: 1 tpd conversion effieciency: 99% raw material: 1050 jatropha oil cost of biodiesel production: rs. 2/ ltr cost of glycerol: rs.50/ kg cost of 1 ltr biodiesel : rs. 11.91- 15.23 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTRA INCOME INTERCROPPING: RS. 60,000- 100,000/ ANNUM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FOR 1TPD CAPACITY BIO-DIESEL PLANT AREA REQUIRED FOR CULTIVATION :- 100 HECTRES SEEDS REQUIREMENT :- 1000 MT P.A. JATROPHA OIL REQUIREMENT :- 3.15 L EXTRACTION PLANT COST :- RS.5.0 L BIODIESEL PLANT COST :- RS. 15 L COST OF CULTIVATION :- 25 L 1ST YEAR/ 5 L 2ND YEAR ONWARDS COST OF OIL EXTRACTION :- RS.6 L COST OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION :- RS. 20 L VALUE OF SEEDS YIELD :-40 L VALUE OF OIL :- 43 L VALUE OF BY – PRODUCT PRESS CAKE :- RS.24 L VALUE OF BY – PRODUCT GLYCEROL :- RS. 15 L VALUE OF BIODIESEL:- RS.60 L -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CAPITAL INVESTMENT CULTIVATION: RS.25 L OIL EXTRACTION PLANT: RS.7 L BIODIESEL PLANT:RS.15 L -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXPENCES PLANTATION MAINTANEC:RS. 5 L OIL EXTRACTION: RS.6 L BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: RS.20L MISE EXPENECS: RS.8 L -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RECEIPTS BIODIESEL COST: RS.60 L PRESS CAKE: RS.24 L GLYCEROL: RS. 15 L NET RETURN: RS. 60 L IN 5TH YEAR ONWARDS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Assumptions: The propagation of Jatropha curcas will be done through nursery to ensure superior germplasm, high rate of survival, planting of a healthy and vigorously growing plant and achieve start of production of seed in the second year of planting. The plant density will be 2500 per hectare. For mixed plantation or agro forestry 2500 plants will be deemed to cover one hectare of land even though the total coverage is much more. Hence whereever ‘hectare’ is used in the context of jatropha plantation it is notional hectare. While under very good conditions the seed production is reported to be as high as 5 kg/tree or 12.5 MT per hectare and in rainfed and poor soils as low as 1.5 MT/hectare, we have assumed average conditions and soils and the production of seed as 1500 gms per tree corresponding to 3.75 MT per hectare. The oil content will be 35% by weight of seed and extraction efficiency will be 91%. This works out to oil recovery of 32% implying that one kg of oil will be produced by 3.125 kg of seed. The price of seed has been assumed to be Rs. 4 per Kg. One hectare of Jatropha Plantation on an average will produce 3.75 MT of seed yielding 1.2 MT of oil. At the end of two years Jatropha plant will give seed to its full potential. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nursery Raising and Plantation You can set up nurseries which will supply plants to the beneficiary to ensure success of plantations and quick return. It will also result in seed production at the end of the first year itself. Nurseries will supply seedlings to the farmers in their village. A seedling will start yielding seed after a year of its plantation. It is planted at a spacing of 2m X 2m and 2500 plants will be grown in 1 hectare of Jatropha plantation. Although using a seedling of 4 to 6 months grown in a nursery should not result in the usual rates of mortality of plantations, it will be reasonable to assume that 20% of the plants will need replaced. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost of Plantation The cost of plantation has been estimated to be Rs. 30,000 per hectare. inclusive of plantation and maintenance for one year, training, overheads etc. It includes elements such as site preparation, digging of pits, fertilizer & manure, cost of plants and planting, irrigation, de-weeding, plant protection, maintenance for one year i.e., the stage up to which it will start seed production etc. The cost of training, awareness generation, monitoring & evaluation is also included. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- JATROPHA OIL EXTRACTION COST Installation cost- 1 T/D-RS.70,000, 1 T/H-RS.3,00,000, 2 T/ H-RS.5,00,000 PROCESSING COST POWER CONSUPTION- 45 KWH-RS. 225/, 30 KHW-RS.150/, 24 KHW-RS.120/ STREAM- 600 KG/T-RS. 180, 150 KG/T-RS. 45/, 125 KG/T-RS 37.5 MAN POWER- 3/DAY-RS. 450/T, 3/DAY-RS.RS.20/T, 6/DAY-RS. 20/T PROCESSING COST/ TON- 855/, RS.215, RS.177.5 INT + DEP/T- RS.45/, RS.7.5, RS.6.5 TOTAL COST OF PROCESSING/TON- RS.900/, RS.222.5, RS.184/ for complete details, jindly visit: http://www.jatrophaworld.org -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTER-CROPPING AS JATROPHA IS TO BE PLANTED IN DISTANCE 2X2M WE CAN TAKE INTERCROPPING FOR WHICH WE CAN APPLY Multi - LIER Agriculture System For this purpose Jatropha curcus is the ideal plant to give shade to shade loving plants and provide a base for the climbers. 1. Selection of climbers -Selection of the climber is done according to the climatic condition of the regions. Mainly, the following climbers are common for every/region: Kounch - Mucuna prurita Kalihari - Gloriosa superba Pippali - Piper longum Karela - Momordica charantia 2. Selection of shade crops : Sweth musli - Chlorophytum boriviliamum Sarpagandha - Rauwolfia serprntina Haridra - Curcuma longa Adrak - Zingiber officinales Ashwagandha - Withania somnifera economics with intercropping cost of cultivation of jatropha for 1 hectre =RS 25000 2ND YEAR ONWARDS MAINTANANCE COST =RS.3000/ –THIS WILL BE MET BY SONNAMUKHI DURING FIRST YEAR INCOME 2ND YEAR SEEDS @2 PER PLANT X 2500= 5000/- KG MINI RATE @ RS 4/KG = RS. 20,000 IN 6TH YEAR ONWARDS SEEDS @6 KG /PLANT X 2500x4 = RS. 60,000/ EXTA INCOME FROM INTERCROPPING 2ND YEAR ONWARDS = RS.60,000 THEREFORE, A NET INCOME OF RS.100,000 CAN BE HAD IF CULTIVATION IS HAD IN SCINTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL MANNER WITH ALL MANAGERIAL SHILLS. © 2004 Centre for Jatropha Promotion. All Rights Reserved Income Generating Activities: Cultivate Jatropha to produce an income URL:http://www.jatrophaworld.org