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| The Hardy Weinberg-Law |
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| Genes A. Populations evolve just as do species. B. Genotype- genetic composition of an individual. C. Gene Pool- genetic composition of a population of individuals. That is, all alleles for all genes in a population. D. Evolution involves changes in gene pools over time. To understand changes in gene pools as populations evolve, an understanding of non-evolving population is necessary. A. Gene Functions 1. To be preserved and transmitted. 2. To control various biological functions through the production of protiesn (i.e., large, complex sequences of amino acids) and RNA. Dictionary Definition Gene: (n) A part of DNA or RNA that contains chemical information needed to make a particular protein (as an enzyme) controlling or influencing an inherited bodily trait or activity (as eye color) or that influences or controls the activity of another gene or genes. (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary: The Words You Need Today) Hardy-Weinberg Law A. Both allelic frequencies and genotypic ratios (i.e., gene pools) remain constant from generation to generation in sexually producing populations, if the following conditions of equilibrium exist: 1. Mutations do not occur. 2. No net movement of individuals out of or into a population occurs. 3. All offspring produced have the same chances for survival, and mating is random. That is, no natural selecion occurs. 4. The population is large so that chance would not alter frequencies of alleles. Hardy Weinberg and Natural Populations A. Few (if any) populations are in equilibrium. Therefore, changes in allele frequencies and thus gene pools do occur in natural populations. B. Hardy-Weinberg Law helps to identify the mechanisms of these evolutionary changes by predicting that one or more of the four conditions required are not met. That is: 1. Mutations occur. 2. Individuals leave and enter populations. 3. Nonrandom mating and natural selection occur. 4. Small populations exist. (Source: BarCharts, Inc: Biology: The Basic Principles of Biology.) |
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